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Yuliant Sibaroni
Telkom University
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Effect of Word Embedding on Indonesian Social Media Hate Speech Classification Using Hybrid CNN-SimpleRNN Mas Muhammad Rizqi Adiguna; Yuliant Sibaroni
Building of Informatics, Technology and Science (BITS) Vol 8 No 1 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/bits.v8i1.10046

Abstract

The rapid rise in the number of people using social media platforms, specifically platform X, poses great difficulties for spotting any possible harm from hate speech. In particular, due to the high informality of discourse of Indonesian internet users, expressed through slang, abbreviation, and distorted spelling, automatic moderation becomes even more complicated. The current study attempts at classifying hate speech on social media platform X, proposing a hybrid model of CNN combined with a Bidirectional SimpleRNN architecture, alongside a comparative study on word embedding approaches. The combination between CNN and SimpleRNN is chosen because it allows for exploiting both CNN's capability to extract local spatial features by finding toxic n-grams and the strength of Bidirectional SimpleRNN for capturing long contextual dependency in the sequence of text data. Given that the problem of OOV is highly significant, TF-IDF, FastText, and Word2Vec have been rigorously tested not only separately but also combined in different ways. Compared to the baseline configuration using standalone TF-IDF (which achieved 84.56% accuracy), the results show that the use of the hybrid TF-IDF + FastText provided the best performance with average accuracy of 86.49%, average precision of 86.32%, recall of 86.80% and F1 score of 86.55%. Conversely, the combination of multiple dense semantic vectors (Word2Vec and FastText) led to semantic drift and feature ambiguity; this created feature overlap and computational noise that obscured classification decision boundaries, resulting in redundancy and poor performance. It shows that the combination of lexico-statistical significance and semantic subword context greatly contributes to achieving better results in the Indonesian language setting and is very resistant to slang and OOV words found in digital settings. This study contributes to the field of natural language processing by providing a lightweight, highly accurate, and computationally efficient lexico-semantic framework tailored for moderating highly unstructured Indonesian social media text.
Co-Authors Abduh Salam Adhe Akram Azhari Aditya Andar Rahim Aditya Firman Ihsan Aditya Gumilar Aditya Iftikar Riaddy Adiwijaya Agi Maulana Akmal Muhamad Faza Al Ghazali, Nabiel Muhammad Alfauzan, Muhammad Fikri Alya, Hasna Rafida Andrew Wilson Angger Saputra, Revelin Annisa Aditsania Apriani, Iklima Aqilla, Livia Naura Ardana, Aulia Riefqi Arista, Dufha Arminta, Adisaputra Nur Arya Pratama Anugerah Asramanggala, Muhammad Sulthon Atikah, Balqis Sayyidahtul Attala Rafid Abelard Aufa, Rizki Nabil Aulia Rayhan Syaifullah Aurora Az Zahra, Elita Azmi Aulia Rahman Bunga Sari Chamadani Faisal Amri Chindy Amalia Claudia Mei Serin Sitio Damar, Muhammad Damarsari Cahyo Wilogo Delvanita Sri Wahyuni Derwin Prabangkara Desianto Abdillah Devi Ayu Peramesti Dhina Nur Fitriana Dhina Nur Fitriana Diyas Puspandari Ekaputra, Muhammad Novario Ellisa Ratna Dewi Ellisa Ratna Dewi Elqi Ashok Eric Nur Rahman Erwin Budi Setiawan Fadhilah Nadia Puteri Fadli Fauzi Zain Fairuz, Mitha Putrianty Faiza Aulia Rahma Putra Farizi, Azziz Fachry Al Fatha, Rizkialdy Fathin, Muhammad Ammar Fatihah Rahmadayana Fatri Nurul Inayah Fauzaan Rakan Tama Feby Ali Dzuhri Fery Ardiansyah Effendi Ferzi Samal Yerzi Fhira Nhita Fitriansyah, Alam Rizki Fitriyani Fitriyani F. Fitriyani Fitriyani Fitriyani Fitriyani Gilang Brilians Firmanesha Gusti Aji, Raden Aria Gutama, Soni Andika Haidar ali Hanif, Ibrahim Hanurogo, Tetuko Muhammad Hanvito Michael Lee Hawa, Iqlima Putri Haziq, Muhammad Raffif I Gusti Ayu Putu Sintha Deviya Yuliani I Putu Ananda Miarta Utama Ibnu Muzakky M. Noor Indra Kusuma Yoga Indwiarti irbah salsabila Irfani Adri Maulana Irham Aryandi Basir Irma Palupi Islamanda, Muhammad Dinan Izzan Faikar Ramadhy Izzatul Ummah Janu Akrama Wardhana Jauzy, Muhammad Abdurrahman Al Kemas Muslim Lhaksmana Kinan Salaatsa, Titan Ku Muhammad Naim Ku Khalif Lanny Septiani Laura Imanuela Mustamu Lesmana, Aditya Lintang Aryasatya Lisbeth Evalina Siahaan Livia Naura Aqilla Made Mita Wikantari Mahadzir, Shuhaimi Maharani, Anak Agung Istri Arinta Mahmud Imrona Mas Muhammad Rizqi Adiguna Maulida , Anandita Prakarsa Mauluvy Senjaya, Argya Mitha Putrianty Fairuz Muhamad Agung Nulhakim Muhammad Alauddin Angka Kurniawan Muhammad Arif Kurniawan Muhammad Damar Muhammad Ghifari Adrian Muhammad Hadyan Baqi Muhammad Ikram Kaer Sinapoy Muhammad Kiko Aulia Reiki Muhammad Novario Ekaputra Muhammad Rajih Abiyyu Musa Muhammad Reza Adi Nugraha Muldani, Muhamad Dika Nanda Ihwani Saputri Naufal Alvin Chandrasa Ni Made Dwipadini Puspitarini Niken Dwi Wahyu Cahyani Novitasari, Ariqoh Nuraena Ramdani Okky Brillian Hibrianto Okky Brillian Hibrianto Pernanda Arya Bhagaskara S M Pilar Gautama, Hadid Prasetiyowati, Sri Prasetyo, Sri Suryani Prasetyowati, Sri Sulyani Prawiro Weninggalih Priyan Fadhil Supriyadi Purwanto, Brian Dimas Puspandari, Dyas Putra, Daffa Fadhilah Putra, Ihsanudin Pradana Putra, Maswan Pratama Putri, Dinda Rahma Putri, Pramaishella Ardiani Regita Rachmadania Irmanita Rafik Khairul Amin Rafika Salis Rahmanda, Rayhan Fadhil Raisa Benaya Revi Chandra Riana Rian Febrian Umbara Rian Putra Mantovani Ridha Novia Ridho Isral Essa Ridho, Fahrul Raykhan Rifaldy, Fadil Rifki Alfian Abdi Malik Riski Hamonangan Simanjuntak Rizki Annas Sholehat Rizky Fauzi Ramadhani Rizky Yudha Pratama Rizky, Muhammad Zacky Faqia Salis, Rafika Salsabila, Syifa Saniyah Nabila Fikriyah Saragih, Pujiaty Rezeki Satyananda, Karuna Dewa Septian Nugraha Kudrat Septian Nugraha Kudrat Serly Setyani Shyahrin, Mega Vebika Sinaga, Astria M P Siti Inayah Putri Siti Uswah Hasanah Sri Suryani Prasetiyowati Sri Suryani Prasetyowati Sri Suryani Sri Suryani Sri Utami Sujadi, Cika Carissa Suryani Prasetyowati, Sri Syarif, Rizky Ahsan Umulhoir, Nida Varissa Azis, Diva Azty Viny Gilang Ramadhan Vitria Anggraeni WAHYUDI, DIKI Widya Pratiwi Ali Winico Fazry Wira Abner Sigalingging Zaenudin, Muhammad Faisal Zaidan, Muhammad Naufal Zain, Fadli Fauzi ZK Abdurahman Baizal