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Rekayasa alat daur ulang limbah padat industri penyamakan kulit untuk pembuatan insol dan kertas karton Ignatius Sunaryo; Sri Sutyasmi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 22, No 1 (2006): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The aim of engineering of equipment for tannery solid waste reuse to make insole and card board was to assist the problem coming from shavings wastes and sludge. This unit was designed and mainly consisted of three parts, those were raw materials destroying machine (beater type), insole/carton sheet printing machine and insole/carton sheet pressing machine. This was an eco-friendly machine, because it was able to recycle all of the excess raw materials. The product capacity of it was 600 kg of raw material to produce 1,200 sheet per day, with assumption that the rejects were varied from 10 – 15%. The specifications of the insole produced by this machine were that the weight was 416 gr/sheet; the length x wide was 78 cm x 66 cm. based on the economical analysis when the marketing price was Rp. 2.000,- per sheet, with the total production 360,000 sheets, the benefit after property was Rp. 33,650,200,- per year, with 2 years 1 month pay back of the investment. Keywords : shavings waste, sludge, recycled unit, insole, cardboard. ABSTRAK Tujuan dari rekayasa alat daur ulang limbah padat industri penyamakan kulit untuk pembuatan insol dan kertas karton ini ialah untuk membantu industri penyamakan kulit dalam mengatasi masalah limbah shaving dan lumpur. Alat ini dirancang dengan 3 (tiga) komponen utama yakni alat penghancur bahan baku dengan tipe beater, alat pencetak lembaran insol/karton, dan alat press lembaran insol/karton yang disebut calendar. Alat ini bersifat ramah lingkungan karena seluruh sisa adonan dapat di daur ulang. Kapasitas produksi alat daur ulang ini ialah 600 kg bahan baku untuk menghasilkan 1200 lembar per hari, dengan asumsi tingkat kerusakan berkisar antara 10 – 15%. Insol yang dihasilkan mempunyai berat 416 gram/lembar dengan ukuran p x 1 = 0,78 m x 0,66 m. berdasarkan analisis ekonomi bila harga jual Rp. 2000,- per lembar, maka per tahun dapat diperoleh keuntungan sesudah pajak sebesar Rp. 33.650.200,- dengan jumlah produksi sebesar 360.000 lembar. Waktu pengembalian modal ialah 2 tahun 6 bulan. Kata Kunci : limbah shaving, lumpur, alat daur ulang, insol, kertas karton.

Pengaruh penggunaan tepung fleshing dalam pakan ayam pedaging terhadap kenaikan bobot ayam Sri Sutyasmi; Titik Purwati Widowati; R. Jaka Susila
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 18, No 1 (2002): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The fleshing waste ratio of leather processing is very high, that was about 70-230 kgs/ton of raw material. Those waste containing high amount of protein. The aim of this experiment was to know the influenceof fleshing powder on the increasing of broiler body weight. This experiment was classified into two steps. The first step was focused on the preparation of fleshing powder. The second step was the application of fleshing powder as protein substitute of broiler feed. The results showed that the quality of fleshing powder prepared by pressurize steaming at 2 atm for 15 min was better than by unpressurized method. The additional and the final weight of broilers feed by fleshing powder were not significantly difference with the control. Therefore, fleshing powder could be used as protein substitute on the prepraration of broiler feed instead of fish powder. Key words : fleshing, protein powder,broiler feed, friendly environment.

Pemanfaatan limbah fleshing kulit kambing untuk pembuatan kompos Sri Sutyasmi; Ignatius Sunaryo; Edi Dahono
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 24, No 1 (2008): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v24i1.323

The aim of this research was to create method for managing the environmental pollution caused by fleshing from leather tanning industry. Compos production was carried out by using the cooked fleshing and uncooked fleshing with variation of fleshing 85,60,45, and 30 % respectively mixed with 13.8% of chaff, 0.2% of brand, and 1% of lime and the rest was soil to gain 100% of compound. Protein bio-city as much as 50 ml/kg was used as a starter and it was added after having diluted and fermented for 48 hours. The compound was filled in the 10 I of plastic bucket and cured by lid on it. Every two days they were agitated and sprayed with water regarding to keep the humidity to be constant. The C/N ratio of the compos was analyzed chemically. The compos had been nature for about one month, and they were characterized by the change of the natural color into dark brown with soil smell, and the volume decreased would be 30% of the initial volume. The mean C/N ratio of compos from cooked fleshing was 14 which varied between 12.46-15.50. That value has a smaller range compared with the compos from uncooked fleshing, the mean value of which was 11, with the variation of C/N ratio of that was bigger 7.07-16.24. Key words : fleshing, goat skins, environment, compos, C/N ratio ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mendapatkan salah satu cara untuk pemecahan masalah penanganan pencemaran yang diakibatkan oleh limbah fleshing dari industri penyamakan kulit. Untuk itu telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan kompos dari limbah fleshing baik yang sudah direbus untuk diambil lemaknya maupun yang belum direbus. Kompos dibuat dri sisa fleshing dengan variasi jumlah berturut-turut 85,60, dan 30% fleshing dan dicampur dengan sekam 13,8%, bekatul 0,2%, kapur 1 % dan sisanya berupa tanah untuk mendapatkan campuran 100% masa yaitu berturut-turut 0,25, 40 dan 55 %. Sebai starter digunakan protein. Biosity yang sudah diencerkan dan diinkubasi selama 48 jam sebanyak 50 ml/kg campuran kompos. Campuran kompos kemudian dimasukan ke dalam ember volume 101 dan ditutup, kemudian setiap dua hari sekali diaduk dan disiram air untuk menjaga kelembabanya (80%). Bahan kompos tersebut akan masak menjadi kompos setelah inkunbasi selama 1 bulan. Kompos yang telah masak mempunyai ciri-ciri warna aslinya berubah menjadi coklat gelap, berbau tanah, volume tinggal sepertiganya. Kompos diuji untuk mengetahui C/N rasionya. Hasil uji menunjukan bahwa semua variasi untuk kompos dari sisa fleshing yang sudah direbus mempunyai C/N rasio rata-rata 14 yang berkisar antara 12,46 – 15, 50. Nilai tersebut lebih baik dibanding sisa fleshing yang belum direbus karena mempunyai C/N rasio rata-rata 11 dengan kisaran C/N rasio berkisar antara : 7,07 – 16,24. Kata Kunci : fleshing, kulit kambing, lingkungan, kompos, C/N rasio

Penggunaan enzim bacillus megatorium DSM-319 pada proses perendaman penyamakan kulit jaket R. Jaka Susila; Emiliana Kasmudjiastuti; Sri Sutyasmi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 29, No 2 (2013): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v29i2.196

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to obtain eco-friendly soaking process for goatskin and to shorten the soaking time. The enzyme used in the soaking process was Bacillus megatorium DSM-319, with enzyme concentration of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% and soaking time of 1, 1.5, and 2 hours. Each sample were tested for skin histology observation using photomicrograph, protein concentration analysis, tensile strength, elongation, colour fastness (dry and wet) and flexibility. The results showed that protein content of goat skin was decreased 42.32% after optimum soaking with 1% enzyme for one hour. The results of the physical testing of jacket leather with optimum soaking process met the quality requirements of SNI 4593:2011 Sheep/goat jacket leather.Keywords: Bacillus megatorium DSM-319, enzyme, soaking, goatskin, jacketABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan proses perendaman kulit kambing yang ramah lingkungan dan untuk mempersingkat waktu proses perendaman. Enzim Bacillus megatorium DSM-319 digunakan dalam perendaman dengan konsentrasi enzim berturut turut 0,5; 1 dan 1,5% dan variasi waktu berturut turut 1; 1,5 dan 2 jam. Evaluasi keberhasilan proses perendaman dilakukan dengan pengamatan histologi kulit menggunakan fotomikrograf, analisis kadar protein, kekuatan tarik, kemuluran, ketahanan gosok cat (kering dan basah) dan kelenturan. Hasil analisis kadar protein menunjukkan bahwa kadar protein kulit kambing setelah perendaman optimal pada konsentrasi enzim 1% selama 1 jam dengan penurunan sebesar 42,32%. Hasil uji fisika kulit jaket dari kulit kambing hasil perendaman dengan konsentrasi enzim sebesar 1% selama 1 jam telah memenuhi persyaratan mutu yang sesuai dengan SNI 4593:2011 Kulit jaket domba/kambing.Kata kunci: Bacillus megatorium DSM-319, enzim, perendaman, kulit kambing, jaket

Penggunaan lemak fleshing industri penyamakan kulit untuk pembuatan sabun mandi Ignatius Sunaryo; Sri Sutyasmi; Widari Widari; Murwati Murwati
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 18, No 1 (2002): Majalah Barang Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

An experimentation the Use of Fat from Fleshing of Leather Tanning Industry to Produce Bath Soap was aimed to use the fat from fleshing to gain the alternative source of basic material for bath soap, to assist the industry to solve the environmental pollution and increasing the population income. The point to be gained after finishing this experiment was to find out the problem solving of environmental pollution problem caused by fleshing from leather tanning industry. Goat/sheep fleshing from one of leather tannings in Yogyakarta was collected and had been used as a source of fat. Fat from fleshing was produced by 3 kinds of heating those were coocked, “kukus”, and steam. The results of fat analysis showed that the average of saphonification value was 201.01; free faty acid value was 0.86%; acid value was 1.72 and the unsaphonification fat value was 1.44%. The variations of fat used for bath soap manufacture were 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% and 75%; whereas the variations of sodium hydrokside were 11, 14, 17. 20 and 23, each of which was in parts. The result of this experiment showed that the fat from fleshing could be a source of fat and could be used for bath soap manufacture. In such way, it could be as a pollultion problem solving to the industry. The result of bath soap analysis showed that almost all of the variations of fat and sodium hydrokside could meet the SNI 06-3532-1994 about bath soap. Economically point of view showed that the value of producing fat in various regions such as Jabotabek, West Java, Center Java, DIY and East would vary from Rp6,000,000,- to Rp.200,000,000,-; whereas the value of producing bath soap would vary from Rp 21,000,000,- - Rp 700,000,000,- Key words: fleshing, fat, soap, environment, tannery, waste management.

Teknologi pengambilan lemak dari sisa fleshing Sri Sutyasmi; Ignatius Sunaryo
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 22, No 1 (2006): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v22i1.333

The aim of this research was to recover the fat from fleshing in order it could be useful for many kinds of industries such as soap, oil/grease for tanning manufactures, etc. There are some systems to recover the fat from fleshings, those are heat systems (cooking, steaming, smoking) and extrac system using solvent (hexan, CCl4, alcohol, etc). Over all of the systems cooking and steaming are the most simply system to recover the fat. By cooking, smoking, and steaming from 5 kg fleshing with the time variation of 15,30, 45 and 60 minutes could produce fat with the quantity of which varied from 0,220 – 0,425 kg. The highest quantity of fat, produced by heating system in 60 minutes could be gained by steaming, but the quality of it was low. The quantity of fat produced by extract system using hexan, CCl4, and alcohol as solvents with the time variation of 3,4 and 5 hours were varied from 5,21 % to 10,20 % of dried weight. The highest quantity of fat gained by extract system was found by using hexan solvent. Fat from fleshing should be sulphated prior for substantial application. The economical evaluation shows that the basic price of 1 kg of fat was Rp. 1.250,- whereas the basic price of 1 kg of sulphated fat was Rp. 3.200,- Keywords ; fleshing, grease, recovery ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memisahkan lemak dari fleshing agar bias digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan industri seperti sabun, peminyakan kulit dan sebagainya. Pengambilan lemak dari sisa fleshing ini ada beberapa cara yaitu cara pemanasan (rebus, kukus dan steam) dan cara ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut (hexan, CCl4, alcohol dll). Setiap 5 kg sisa fleshing yang direbus, dikukus dan ataupun menggunakan steam, dengan variasi waktu 15, 30, 45 dan 60 menit dapat menghasilkan lemak berkisar antara 0,220 – 0,425 kg. Hasil lemak tertinggi dari cara pemanasan ini diperoleh dari cara steam dengan waktu 60 menit namun kwalitas lemak yang diperoleh tidak baik. Pengambilan lemak secara ekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut hexan, CCl4 dan alcohol dengan variasi waktu 3 jam, 4 jam dan 5 jam dan lemak yang diperoleh berkisar antara 5,21% - 10,20 %. Hasil lemak tertinggi diperoleh dari cara ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut hexan. Agar lemak dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan, maka lemak perlu disulfonasi. Hasil perhitungan ekonomi harga pokok 1 kg lemak adalah Rp.1.250,- sedangkan harga pokok 1 kg minyak sulfonasi adalah Rp. 3.200,- Kata kunci : fleshing, lemak, pengambilan

Pemanfaatan lemak fleshing tersulfonasi untuk peminyakan pada proses penyamakan kulit Sri Sutyasmi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 25, No 1 (2009): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v25i1.231

The objective of this research was to produce sulfonated oil of fleshing grease and to use for fat liquoring process in leather tanning industries. Fleshing wastes were collected from Yogyakarta. The extract was obtained from fleshing waste by boiling at 100o C for 15 minute 400 – 450 g of extract contained 99.96% of fat were obtained from 5 kg of fleshing. The extract then was sulfonated to increase solubility in water and more reactive with the fiber of processed skin. The sulfonated extract was then analyzed to determine content, iodine value, acid value and saponification value. The result of analysis showed that fat/grease content 158.48. While fat content of goat skin fleshing was 30.27%, iodine value 92.30, acid value 23.74and saponification value 157.03. The quantity parameters are able to meet requirement for leather tanning. Sulfonated extract was then used for fat liquoring process of goat skin with the variation of concentration 4,5 and 6% respectively. Control was made by using 5% synthetic oil. The result of crust testing in this research showed that all of quality parameters meet the document of SNI 06-3536-1994 about goat/sheep crust leather. Key words : leather, tanning, fleshing, sulfonation greasing. ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan minyak limbah flesing tersulfonasi, digunakan untuk peminyakan industri penyamakan kulit. Limbah fleshing untuk peneltiian diambil dari industri penyamakan kulit Yogyakarta. Pengambilan lemak limbah fleshing dengan cara perebusan pada suhu (100o C selama 15 menit). Perebusan 5 kg limbah fleshing diperoleh ekstrak 400 – 450 g dengan kadar lemak 99,96%. Selanjutnya lemak disulfonasi agar mudah larut dalam air, dan mudah bereaksi dengan kulit. Lemak yang telah disulfonasi diuji kadar lemak/minyak, bilangan yod, bilangan asam dan bilangan penyabunan. Hasil uji lemak sulfonasi menunjukkan bahwa lemak fleshing kulit sapi mempunyai kadar lemak/minyak 40,13%, bilangan yod 88, bilangan asam 31,52 dan bilangan penyabunan 158,48. Sementara lemak/minyak 30,27%, bilangan yod 92,3, bilangan asam 33,74 dan bilangan penyabunan 157,03. Parameter mutu lemak fleshing kulit sapi maupun kulit kambing memenuhi persyaratan sebagai peminyakan dalam proses penyamakan kulit. Lemak sulfonasi yang dihasilkan untuk peminyakan penyamakan kulit krus kambing dengan variasi berturut-turut : 4,5 dan 6%. Sebagai kontrol digunakan minyak sintetis 5%. Hasil uji kulit krus kambing sesuai dengan ketentuan yang dimuat SNI: 06 – 3536 – 1994, tentang kulit krus domba/kambing. Kata kunci: kulit, penyamakan, fleshing, lemak tersulfonasi.

Penggunaan tanaman air (bambu air dan melati air) pada pengolahan air limbah penyamakan kulit untuk menurunkan beban pencemar dengan sistem wetland dan adsorpsi Sri Sutyasmi; Heru Budi Susanto
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 29, No 2 (2013): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

ABSTRACTWastewater treatment using wetland and adsorption system were carried out to improve the properties of secondary settling pond’ s outlet. The purpose of this research was to reduce pollutant level from the secondary settling pond’s outlet so it could be used in the wetland stage and the treated wastewater could be reused. Wastewater effluent from secondary settling pond was discharged into adsorber and subsequently into wetland by flow rate arrangement. Laboratory simulation was carried out to find out the capacity of aquatic plants in reducing the pollutant level. The result showed that the BOD, COD and TSS value of wastewater from laboratory simulation were 191 mg/l, 6.24 mg/l, and 24 mg/l, and after the wetland stage were 409 mg/l, 10.32 mg/l, and 145 mg/l respectively. The quality of wastewater met the standard SNI 06-0649-1989 Water for tannery. Keywords: adsorption, aquatic plant, wastewater treatment, wetland ABSTRAK Pengolahan air limbah dengan sistem wetland dan adsorpsi merupakan teknik pengolahan air limbah lanjutan dari bak pengendap II untuk memperbaiki kualitas air limbah yang keluar dari bak pengendap tersebut. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menurunkan beban pencemar dari bak pengendap II agar bisa masuk ke sistem wetland (agar tanaman tidak mati) dan air limbah hasil perlakuan bisa digunakan kembali. Air limbah yang keluar dari bak pengendap II dimasukkan ke bak adsorpsi dan selanjutnya dialirkan ke wetland dengan pengaturan debit. Untuk mengetahui sampai seberapa jauh tanaman air bisa menurunkan beban pencemar maka perlu dibuat percobaan simulasi skala Laboratorium. Hasil uji kualitas air limbah hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Total Suspended Solids (TSS) berturut-turut sebesar 191 mg/l; 6,24 mg/l; dan 24 mg/l sedangkan sesudah melalui sistem wetland berturut-turut 409 mg/l; 10,32 mg/l; dan 145 mg/l. Hasil uji kualitas air hasil percobaan memenuhi persyaratan dalam SNI 06-0649-1989 tentang Air untuk penyamakan kulit. Kata kunci: adsorpsi, tanaman air, pengolahan air limbah, wetland

Pengaruh berbagai jenis penyamakan dan tipe finish terhadap morfologi, sifat organoleptis dan mekanis kulit biawak (Varanus salvator) Emiliana Kasmudjiastuti; Sri Sutyasmi; Rihastiwi Setiya Murti
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 31, No 2 (2015): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v31i2.505

Monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) skin is exotic leather because it has a unique grain. Therefore, the original grain of the animal needs to be maintained in the finishing process so that its performances look likes natural. This research aimed to study the effect of tanning materials (vegetable and chrome) and the type of finish (natural, aniline, semi-aniline and two tone) on morphology, organoleptic and mechanical properties of lizard skin. The materials used in this study were dry preserved lizard skins. The research varied on the types of tanning (vegetable and chrome) and the type of finish (natural, aniline, semi-aniline and two tone) each by varying the finishing materials (casein and protein binders). The tests were conducted on the observation of the structure using photomicrographs, rub fastness, adhesion of finish strength, tensile strength, elongation at break and organoleptic. The results showed that the best result was vegetable tanned lizard skin using natural finish with casein and met the requirements of SNI 06-4362-1996, lizard skin for shoe upper. This gave dry and wet rub fastness of 5 and 5 respectively; dry and wet adhesion of finish strength of 650 and 100 g/cm respectively; tensile strength of 207.43 kg/cm2; elongation at break of 37.52% and organoleptic value of panelists observations of 87.9 (good).Keywords: Monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) skin, tanning, finish type, morphology, organoleptic and mechanical propertiesABSTRAKKulit biawak (Varanus salvator) merupakan kulit exotic karena memiliki rajah yang unik, oleh karena itu dalam proses finishingnya rajah asli dari binatang tersebut perlu dipertahankan agar tampak alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis bahan penyamak (nabati dan krom) dan tipe finish (natural, anilin, semi anilin, dan two tone) terhadap morfologi, sifat organoleptis dan mekanis kulit biawak. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kulit biawak awet kering dan variasi yang dilakukan meliputi variasi jenis penyamakan (nabati dan krom) dan tipe finish (natural, anilin, semi anilin, dan two tone) dengan penggunaan bahan finishing yang bervariasi (kasein dan binder protein). Uji yang dilakukan meliputi pengamatan struktur menggunakan fotomikrograf, uji ketahanan gosok cat, kekuatan rekat cat tutup, kekuatan tarik, kemuluran, dan organoleptis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil yang terbaik adalah kulit biawak yang disamak nabati menggunakan tipe finish natural dengan kasein dan memenuhi persyaratan SNI 06-4362-1996, Kulit biawak untuk atasan sepatu, dengan nilai ketahanan gosok cat kering dan basah berturut-turut 5 dan 5; kekuatan rekat cat tutup kering dan basah berturut-turut 650 dan 100 g/cm; kekuatan tarik 207,43 kg/cm2; kemuluran 37,52%; dan nilai organoleptis hasil pengamatan panelis 87,9 (baik).Kata kunci: kulit biawak (Varanus salvator), penyamakan, tipe finish, morfologi, sifat organoleptis dan mekanis.

Kajian pemanfaatan lemak fleshing industri penyamakan kulit Sri Sutyasmi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 27, No 1 (2011): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

The process of fleshing in the leather tannery generates solid waste in theform of pieces of meat mixed with fat. Fleshing wastes contain approximately 50-80 o% protein and 20-40 % fat. Protein from fleshing waste can be used for animal feed, cornpost and gelatin. The fat can be used as a base for soap rnaking, fat liquoring at leather tanning processes, and fuel (diesel oil substitute). This research aimed to study the possibility of utilizing fat fron fleshing waste in leather tannery.The result show that fat offleshing waste could be obtained by heating or by mechanical/enzymatic extraction. Fats obtained from fleshing waste were called tallow that had a triglyceride with unsaturated carboxylic acid and considered to be ester group. Ester group could be reacted with bases by saponification reaction to produce soap. Ta use thefat offleshing waste in leather anointment as fat liquoring, then the fat must be sulfonated. Meanwhile, for the manufacture of enginefuel then fleshing waste fat rnust be compressed, heated, and thenfiltered. For the manufacture of biodiesel thefat must be added with 5% diesel fuel in order to meet the biodiesel standard DIN 5 I 606

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