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T. Jacob T. Jacob
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Scientists and nuclear war: Liberating mankind from the threat of its own making T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 18, No 03 (1986)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

This article reiterated the peace warsituation during the first 40 years of the Atomic Age. The nuclear arms race poses not only an unprecedented threat to mans existence, but has taken millions of pre-detonation victims of the nuclear war, in the forms of morbidity and mortality due to famine, infectious diseases, poverty, ignorance, and peripheral wars in the Third World. The resources of out planet are diverted from welfare efforts to the unlimited production of genocidal weapons. World scientists, immediately after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, had warned mankind of the danger of a nuclear disaster, and physicians, true to their professional oath and ethics, have joined efforts to prevent nuclear war, since medicine will then be unable to cope with its innumerable, immeasurable and compound casualties, as they had done in previous war. The Third World countries, which mostly obtained their independence after World War suffered severely from the escalating arms race and could not escape the global consequences of a nuclear war anywhere, but still feel reluctant to voice their displeasure, consider it an irrelevant prob. km amidst their many-sided struggles towards progress, or are simply ignorant of the last threat that has confronted their existence and growth. It is, therefore, the duty of Third World physicians to also inform their patients about the imminent danger against their health, welfare and survival,. as they have been doing to their individual patients since the days of Hippocrates. Key Words: nuclear war - medical polemology - genocide - enthanatics - medical ethics
Penyalahgunaan Ciri-ciri Ragawi oleh Rasisma T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 12, No 02 (1980)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Racial discrimination is usually elicited by social, economic, religious or political reasons, and then justified by quasi-scientific arguments, c. q. by using anatomical and anthropological data.Almost all parts of the body have been used to justify racial discrimination, particularly easily visible physical traits. Not infrequently data are unhesitantly manipulated•in order to arrive at conclusions in tune with racist ideas nurtured. Physical traits are purposefully correlated with mental and behavioural traits to give a negative image of the race disliked.The progress of science seems to be not proportional to the decrease in racial discrimination. The number of anthropologists and the history of anthropology in a country do not influence the extent of racial discrimination. Scientific data will always be used for pragmatic ends in. intergroup socioeconomic competition. To abolish or substitute the term race or the race concept will not ne• cessarily abolish racial discrimination. It is hoped that in the future groups which have experienced discrimination will not resort to retaliation and use the same methods, even if the biological concept of race is maintained.Key Words: racism -- human races -- miscegenation - racial characteristics - heterosis
Sakit dan Sehat, Perang dan Damai T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 20, No 03 (1988)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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This article described war as a colossal disaster, and nuclear war as the largest and the last manmade disaster. It exposed various levels of peace from total (utopian) peace to the absence of nuclear war. Differences in the concept of peace are brought forth from intraindividual peace to international peace. Threat to peace could and should be faced by various ways from the study of peace and war to peace or anti-war demonstrations. The nature of peace movements ranges from collecdon of signatures to the prevention of war preparation.Furtheremoie, the present world armament especially nuclear weaponry are described, followed by its effects on the health of mankind prior to their use, by diverting funds away from social and welfare sectors. The aim of war has become obscure because nothing can be achieved by nuclear war except total annihilation.Lastly, the effects of nuclear war are discussed, including the biological, medical, psychological, ecological and social economic consequences, and the article is concluded by enumerating the efforts of health professionals in preventing the extinction of mankind by unintended nuclear war.Key Words: consequences of nuclear war - Black Death - social responsibility of health professionals - war victims - chemical and microbiological weapons
Evolution of man in southeast Asia T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 9, No 04 (1977)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

keywords: phitecantropus mojokertensis, sangiran, p. erecsis
Evolusi Otak Primates T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 7, No 01 (1975)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

Di seluruh ordo Primates kita lihat berbagai perubahan evolusioner dalam perilaku hewan itu yang mengandung makna yang penting. Pcnyesuaian diri tcrhadap kehidupan arboreal menghasilkan perkembangan ekor prchensil ataujdan perubahan adaptif tangan dan kaki serta alat-alat indera pelihat. Perubahan ke kehidupan terrestrial membutuhkan penyesuaian kembali mata dan pengaturan keseimbangan. Yang teramat penting adalah sikap orthograd dengan akibat-akibatriya yang bersegi banyak. Pembebasan anggota muka dan Ienyapnya ekor meninggalkan bekas-bekas pula pada struktur otak.Tidaklah cukup hanya menyelidiki bentuk luar otak saja dalam mempelajari evolusi. Tidak dapat dihindari kesimpulan bahwa segala adaptasi progressif yang sudah disebutkan itu melontarkan bayangannya pula pada struktur dalamnya. Tilncy (1928:993) rnalahan menyatakan bahwa «ciri-ciri permukaan sering memperdaya» dan bahwa «organisasi intern otak yang haliis bahkan dapat membantah kesimpulan yang didasarkan atas pendaahan pada permukaanKehidupan arboreal mengakibatkan terkorbankannya indera pembau dan peluasan indera pelihat. Maka kita lihatlah pengecilan rhincncephalon dan perkembangan lobus occipitalis, bertambah panjangnya decussatio oculomotorii, bertambah kecilnya arti colliculus superior dan membcsarnya nucleus olivaris. Akibat_yang tidak kurang pentingnya pula adalah prehensilitas dan differensiasi anggota tubuh yang diperlukan dalam kehidupan di pohon. Syarat-syarat ini tercermin dalam pembesaran pyramis, oliva inferior, nuclei sensorii dorsales, nuclei vestibulares, nuclei pontes, nuclei cerebellar-es dan hubungan interokular, serta merosotnya colliculi mesencephalon. Penglihatan stereoskopis_meinberi dasar yang baru dan lebih luas bagi kemahiran tangan, dan gerakan-gerakan trampil yang komplek in.i sclanjutnya membutuhkan - pusat-pusat. pengaturan dan - koordinasi yang lebih balk. Kinesthesis yang progressif tak dapat dielakkan dan hal ini kemudian memberi dasar-dasar baru pula bagi neokinesis. Dengan demikian kita berhadapan dengan reaksi rantai evolusi dan aneka warna faktor yang mengambil bagian dalam proses tersebut terjalin dengan rumit dalam suatu jaringan yang harmonis.
Peranan Biologi Manusia dalam Kebijakan Umum T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 7, No 03 (1975)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

Semenjak manusia mulai ada di bumi (apakah 40.000, 100.000, 250.000, 2.000.000 atau 5.500.000 tahun yang lalu tergantung pada apa yang kita maksudkan dengan manusia), dia sudah berkenalan dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan, hewan dan manusia yang lain. Pengenalan ini, yang harus dilakukannya untuk bertahan hidup, mempengaruhi hidupnya dan mengatur makhluk hidup di sekitarnya untuk kepentingannya.Untuk hidupnya manusia dahuIu meramu tumbuh-tumbuhan dan berburu hewan bersama atau bersaing dengan manusia lain. Pada suatu masa ia menjinakkan hewan dan beternak, dan kemudian pada masa lain ia menjinakkan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan bercocok tanam. Apa yang diketahuinya tentang makhluk-makhluk lain makin Iama makin berta.mbah, karena makin banyak jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan yang dihadapinya, serta makin banyak pula manusia -clan kelompok manusia lain yang dijumpainya. Kelompoknya juga makin lama makin besar, sehingga membentuk desa
Trends in the development of medical science and technology at the beginning of the 21s1 century T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 18, No 02 (1986)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

Mau is the only creature that could think about his future, and therefore, prepares for it and actually shapes it, or even invents his future. Predictions about the future are more relevant nowadays because of the importance of intergenerational justice, of learning from history and of adaptational preparation in view of rapid technological changes. Scientific and technological development will unavoidably influence the course of medical sciences and practice. The sociocultural impact of this development will affect even the essence of life itself, not only the human society, food strategy, demography, disease pattern, and environment. Most important is the impact on ethics and religion, creating frustration, uncertainties, emptiness and insecurity in life which consequently demands the revival of both and assure their existence in the next century. It is suggested that scientific ethics will be intensified, religious interpretations adjusted to the development of civilization without deviating from its basic principles, and that a new paradigm in medicine is needed in order to restore the disequilibrium brought forth by the culture of overconsumption and overcompetition. Key Words: futuristics - medical sciences - technological impact = ethics - religion
The impact of the development of science and technology on the fade of mankind T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 18, No 04 (1986)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

The article discusses the participation of women in science and technology, and more extensive ly in medicine. It reiterates the nature of science and technology, and explains why science cannot be absolutely objective. Furthermore, it stresses on the increasing speed in the advancement of science and its influence, both positive and negative, on man at different levels of the living systems. In addition, the article probes the menace of the cult of technology and the dangers of the dynamic autonomy of science, especially the application of basic sciences in war efforts, the information revolution and the new biology which would affect life itself, the dignity of man. and even his very existence. Several ways out are suggested in confronting the negative impact of science and technology, such as adopting a new paradigm, the strengthening of scientific ethics, the protection of the consumers, and the rehumanization of science and technology. Key Words: science and technology - womens studies - futuristics - thought style - scientific ethics
The ethics of scientific research T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 13, No 04 (1981)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

Considering the importance of scientific ethics in research, especially if it involves human experimentation, the author discUsses various ethical points in conducting research from the preparation of research until the publication of its results. Emphases are placed upon responsibility CO the source of information, colleagues, research material, both human and animal, and humanity at large; scientific objectivity; and intellectual honesty.The need for research ethics cannot be overemphasized since deviation from the ethical principles are currently occurring even in the scientifically most advanced countries, due to, among others, the publish or perish" principle, pressure from funding agencies and research institutions, professional rivalries between individuals or institutions, and fights for priorities of discoveries and inventions.In the less developed countries the deviations are more elementary, but with the increasing quantity of research, complex problems are making their debut.Key Words: scientific ethics - human experimentation - informed consent - research review board - scientific objectivity
Evolusi Otak Primates T. Jacob, T. Jacob
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 7, No 02 (1975)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

Otak adalah rekaman evolusi yang terbaik, karena is merupakan alat pengintegrasi dalam tubuh hewan. Dari bentuk luar otak bcberapa struktur dan ciri-ciri mempunyai makna evolusioner, yang akan kita ringkaskan sebagai berikut:1. index prosencephalon. Ia memperlibatkan pertambahan yang tetap dan berangsur-angsur dari wauwau ke manusia, baik menurut isi maupun berat. Index tersebut menunjukkan derajat kernahiran tangan.2. index diametricus. Makin bertambah dari wauwau ke Pan karena merosotnya rhinencephalon, pembesaran daerah parietal dan kelambatan dalam perkembangan lobus frontalis. Kurangnya kecenderungan untuk brakykefalisasi pada gorilla dan manusia disebabkan oleh pembesaran lobus frontalis yang menyolok.3. sulci cerebri. Pola sulci semakin komplex dan jclas. Pada wauwau fissurasi yang terjelas terdapat di dacrah parietotemporal; pada mawas pola di daerah occipital dan frontal mulai bertambah rumit dan mencapai puncaknya pada manusia. Mulai dari mawas sulcus centralis lebih jelas dan sulcus lateralis cerebri lebih horizontal. Pada manusia sulcus ini hampir horizontal dan sulcus simiarum lenyap.4. lobi cerebri. Cerebrum makin lama makin lebih kuadrilobuler bentuknya dan pembesaran lobus frontalis semakin menyolok.5. pola konvolusi. Bertambah komplexitasnya karena bertambahnya sal-sal otak. Lobus frontalis mernpunyai pola terkaya pada manusia.6. concavitas orbitalis dan segi interorbital. Yang disebut pertama semakin kurang nyata, disebabkan oleh pembesaran hemispherium cerebri. Pada gorilla berkurangnya nyata sekali. Demikian pula halnya dengan segi interorbital yang kurang nyata pada Pan dan lenyap selurubnya pada manusia.7. concavitas cerebellaris dan pembesaran cerebellum. Concavitas cerebellaris, yang masih nyata pada Pongo dan Pan, mulai tak nyata pada gorilla dan hampir sama sekali lenyap pada manusia. Pada kera-kera anthropoid permukaan tentorial cerebellum mernperlihatkan kecenderungan untuk kehilangan cristanya dan vallecula menjadi lebih nyata, sedangkan verniis relatif menjadi Iebih kecil. Pada Homo sapiens permukaan tentorialnya. hampir datar, valleculanya makin dalam dan vermis inferiornya sangat tidak nyata.8. truncus cerebri. Pyramis, pons dan pedunculi cerebri mengalami pembesaran yang menyolok, terutama karena differensiasi tangan. Clava dan cuneus rnemperlihatkan pembesaran yang berangsur-angsur dan hubungan yang berubah; clava mengecil dibandingkan dengan cuneus.9. perkembangan indera. Kita saksikan mengccilnya rhinencephalon dan colliculi mesencephalon, serta pembesaran cortex cerebri, berturutturut akibat mundurnya indera pembau serta pemindahan funksi penglihatan dan pendengaran ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi.
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