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Effects of defaunator combined with microbial growth factors on ruminal digestibility ofrice Thalib, Amlius; Devi, D; Widiawati, Y; MasÃ¢Â€Â™ud, Z.A
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

A system of defaunating agent combined with microbial growth factors (FPM) was conducted to improve the ruminal digestion of rice straw. Combination of methanol-extracted Sapindus rarak fruit (EKM) with each FPM was added into anaerobic medium of ruminal fermentation. Rice straw was used as substrate and inoculum used was rumen fluid of sheep. Fermentation microbial of the substrate was incubated at 39Â°C for 96 hours. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments: control without EKM; control + EKM (1 .000 ppm); control +EKM combined with Zn (8 ppm), Cu (0 .8 ppm), folic acid (0.1 ppm), thiaminhydrochloride (0 .05 ppm), riboflavin (0.05 ppm), phenylpropionic acid (100 ppm), molasses (45 ppin), and mixture of all FPM used (Mix FPM). Measurements were: gas production; protozoal and bacterial populations; contents of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid andNH3N; pH ofmedium. The results show that FPM increase EKM effects on rwninal digestibility of rice straw except treatments of thiaminhydrocloride and riboflavin. The highest cumulative gas production was obtained by treatment of EKM combined with Mix FPM (168 ml versus 91 nrl of treatment of EKM with out FPM). EKM individually or combined with FPM could eliminate 46-83% protozoal population, where the highest elimination of protozoal population was given by combination of EKM with Mix FPM(83%): Elimination of protozoal population caused increment of bacterial population on all treatments except on folic acid treatment. The highest increment ofbacterial population was given by treatment of combination EKMwith Mix FPM (>500%). Therefore combination of EKMwith Mix FPM is concluded to be the most effective in improving ruminal digestibility of rice straw. Â Key words : Defaunating agent, microbial growth factors, rruninal digestion

Utilization of complete rumen modifier on sheep fed high fibrous forages. Thalib, Amlius; Widiawati, Yeni; Haryanto, Budi
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

A research to improve livestock productivity and lower enteric methane production on ruminant was conducted by manipulation approach on rumen system using a complete rumen modifier (CRM). An in vivo experiment was carried out using twenty four sheep ( mean weight 18 kg) which were distributed into 3 treatment groups of feed additive: I. control ( without treatment: K); II: K + CRM-LG; III: K + CRM-EL. Diet given consisted of fermented rice straw (ad libitum) + concentrate containing 16 % protein (400 g/head/day), and drinking water was given ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks based on completely randomized design. By the end of the experiment, animals were placed in the metabolism cages for 2 weeks (ie. 1 week for adaptation and 1 week for data collection). Rumen liquid of each treated animal was taken for the measurement of rumen characteristics. Parameter measuremed were: total gas production; gas composition of CO2 and CH4; in vitro DMD; NH3 and VFA contents; pH; bacterial and protozoal counts; consumption/ DMI; in vivo DMD; ADG and FCR. The results showed that productivity of sheep was improved by CRM treatments followed by lowered enteric methane production. The ADG values of CRM treatments (71.4 to 73.5 g) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of control (50 g). The improvement of average daily gain was followed by a better feed conversion (P < 0.05) (ie. 10.6 vs. 12.8). The CRM treatments lowered the percentage of CH4 by 24% compared to Control (P < 0.05). The total and composition of VFA of CRM-treated rumen liquor were significantly different (P<0.05) compared to that of rumen liquor of Control (ie. the total VFA: 85.3 vs 73.5 mM and the percentage of acetic acid: 67.8 vs 60.3%). It is concluded that CRM treatment resulted in positive effects on growth of ruminant fed high fibrous forages such as rice straw and could lower enteric methane production. Key Words: Rumen Modifier, Productivity, Enteric Methane, Sheep, Rice Straw

In-Vivo Digestibility of Rice Straw Silage Added With Buffalo Rumen Microbes In Ongole Cross Breed Bestari, John; Thalib, Amlius; Hamid, H; Suherman, D
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 4 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An experiment was cunducted to investigate the effect of rice straw silage added with buffalo rumen microbes on the in-vivo nutrient digestibility in Ongole cross breed. Twelve male young cattle (222 + 14 kg) were distributed into 3 groups, with 4 animals in each group. The dietary treatments were : Elephant grass (R1) fresh rice straw (R2) and rice straw silage added with buffalo rumen microbes (R3). Grass and concentrate were given at 2.25% of live weight. The experiment was conducted for 15 weeks in Ciawi using total collection and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that digestible DM and OM intakes of R3 was 6882 and 5974 g/head/day which was not significantly different from R1 (6905 and 6188 g/head/day) but significantly different from R2 (6654 and 5588 g/head/day). The digestible protein intake of R3 was 905 g which was higher than R2 (827 g)(P < 0.05). Intake of digestible protein of R1 (951 g/head/day) was 46 g higher than R1 (P > 0.05) and 124 g higher than R2 (P < 0,05). DM and OM digestibilities of R3 (i.e. 68.16% and 78.02%) were significantly higher than R2 (61.79% and 71.58%) but similar to R1 (66.34% and 76.37%). Digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and fat intake were different among each treatment. In conclusion, rice straw silage added with buffalo rumen microbes has a similar nutritive value as elephant grass when fed to Ongole crossbreed cattle. Â Key words : Rice straw silage, microbe, digestibility

In-Vivo Digestibility of Rice Straw Silage Added With Buffalo Rumen Microbes In Ongole Cross Breed Bestari, John; Thalib, Amlius; Hamid, H; Suherman, D
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 4, No 4 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An experiment was cunducted to investigate the effect of rice straw silage added with buffalo rumen microbes on the in-vivo nutrient digestibility in Ongole cross breed. Twelve male young cattle (222 + 14 kg) were distributed into 3 groups, with 4 animals in each group. The dietary treatments were : Elephant grass (R1) fresh rice straw (R2) and rice straw silage added with buffalo rumen microbes (R3). Grass and concentrate were given at 2.25% of live weight. The experiment was conducted for 15 weeks in Ciawi using total collection and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that digestible DM and OM intakes of R3 was 6882 and 5974 g/head/day which was not significantly different from R1 (6905 and 6188 g/head/day) but significantly different from R2 (6654 and 5588 g/head/day). The digestible protein intake of R3 was 905 g which was higher than R2 (827 g)(P < 0.05). Intake of digestible protein of R1 (951 g/head/day) was 46 g higher than R1 (P > 0.05) and 124 g higher than R2 (P < 0,05). DM and OM digestibilities of R3 (i.e. 68.16% and 78.02%) were significantly higher than R2 (61.79% and 71.58%) but similar to R1 (66.34% and 76.37%). Digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and fat intake were different among each treatment. In conclusion, rice straw silage added with buffalo rumen microbes has a similar nutritive value as elephant grass when fed to Ongole crossbreed cattle. Â Key words : Rice straw silage, microbe, digestibility

Effect of micromineral and phenylpropionic acid on performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria degrading fibre of forage Thalib, Amlius; Haryanto, B; Kompiang, S; Mathius, I-W; Aini, A
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 5, No 2 (2000)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria as inoculum for fermentation of fibrous substrate treated with growth or stimulator factors have been conducted by in vitro. The bacteria were firstly separated and purified based on their morphological shape and followed by identification of their gram type. The treatments as follow : control, Cu (1,0 ppm), Zn (6,0 ppm), Se (0,02 ppm), Fe (16 ppm), Co (0,02 ppm), Mn (4,0 ppm), Mo (0,002 ppm), and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) (30 ppm). These factors were added into fermentation media individually (F.P/S) and as mixture (Mix F.P/S). Substrates used were cellulose and rice straw. Measurements were bacterial digestion of drymatter (DMD), bacterial count, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N contents. Gram test showed that inoculum cellulolytic cocci and rods are gram-positive and gram-negative consecutively. The results of treatments showed that Cu, Zn, Co, Mo and PPA improve digestibility of cellulose and rice straw substrates by cellulolytic cocci significantly (p<0.05), and beside Mn, these factors increased the total count of cellulolytic cocci in fermentation medium significantly (p<0.05). The growth or stimulator factors increasing digestibility values of the substrates by cellulolytic rods significantly (p<0.05) were Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, Co, Mn and Mo (except Mn for rice straw substrate). Only 4 elements of the growth and stimulator factors increasing the total count of cellulolytic rods during fermentation of cellulose and rice straw substrates significantly (p<0.05) that is Zn, Co, Mn and Mo. Digestibility of cellulose by cocci is higher than by rods (34.65% vs 29.87%), however, the digestibility of rice straw by both bacteria did not show difference. Digestibility of both cellulose and rice straw substrates was improved by cocci and rods combination and improved further when treated with Mix F.P/S. Parameters of fermentation media ecosystem measured (i.e. total count of bacteria, VFA and NH3-N) were generally changed to be better when treated with Mix F.P/S. It is concluded that performances of cocci and rods in digesting fibrousÂ substrate are different, and growth or stimulator factors improved the activities of both group of bacteria significantly. Â Key words : Cellulolytic cocci, cellulolytic rods, growth and stimulator factors, bacterial digestion

Effects of defaunator combined with microbial growth factors on ruminal digestibility ofrice Amlius Thalib; D Devi; Y Widiawati; Z.A Mas’ud
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 3, No 3 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

A system of defaunating agent combined with microbial growth factors (FPM) was conducted to improve the ruminal digestion of rice straw. Combination of methanol-extracted Sapindus rarak fruit (EKM) with each FPM was added into anaerobic medium of ruminal fermentation. Rice straw was used as substrate and inoculum used was rumen fluid of sheep. Fermentation microbial of the substrate was incubated at 39°C for 96 hours. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments: control without EKM; control + EKM (1 .000 ppm); control +EKM combined with Zn (8 ppm), Cu (0 .8 ppm), folic acid (0.1 ppm), thiaminhydrochloride (0 .05 ppm), riboflavin (0.05 ppm), phenylpropionic acid (100 ppm), molasses (45 ppin), and mixture of all FPM used (Mix FPM). Measurements were: gas production; protozoal and bacterial populations; contents of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid andNH3N; pH ofmedium. The results show that FPM increase EKM effects on rwninal digestibility of rice straw except treatments of thiaminhydrocloride and riboflavin. The highest cumulative gas production was obtained by treatment of EKM combined with Mix FPM (168 ml versus 91 nrl of treatment of EKM with out FPM). EKM individually or combined with FPM could eliminate 46-83% protozoal population, where the highest elimination of protozoal population was given by combination of EKM with Mix FPM(83%): Elimination of protozoal population caused increment of bacterial population on all treatments except on folic acid treatment. The highest increment ofbacterial population was given by treatment of combination EKMwith Mix FPM (>500%). Therefore combination of EKMwith Mix FPM is concluded to be the most effective in improving ruminal digestibility of rice straw. Key words : Defaunating agent, microbial growth factors, rruninal digestion

Isolation and identification of acetogenic bacteria obtained from deer rumen and their potential for methanogenesis inhibitor Amlius Thalib
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 13, No 3 (2008): SEPTEMBER 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Methanogenesis can be inhibited by various chemicals through different mechanism reaktion. The use of acetogenic bacteria as H2 sink is assumed to be a promising approach. Isolation and identification of acetogenic bacteria obtained from deer rumen had been conducted. Two types of media used for isolation were hydrogen-carbondioxide utilizing acetogens and carbonmonoxide utilizing acetogens. Identification of species of acetogens isolates was based on descriptions of morphology, Gram type, motility, bioreaction results, and oksygen requirement. The compositions of methane and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined on minimal media or added with sheep rumen liquid innoculated with pure isolates. The identification results showed that the isolate cultured on media of hydrogen-carbondioxide utilizing acetogens was Acetoanaerobium noterae and the ones cultured on media of carbonmonoxide utilizing acetogens was Acetobacterium woodii. Inoculumn of A. noterae and A. woodii could decreased the composition of methane resulted from substrate fermented by fresh rumen liquid of sheep (CRDF), that is culture of A. noterae added FPM and defaunator decreased methane production by 28.8% (P<0.01), while culture of A. woodii added microbe growth factors (FPM) and defaunator decreased methane production by 20.6% (P<0.05). Composition of VFA resulted from fibrous substrate fermented by inoculumn of CRDF with and without combined with cultures of A. noterae dan A. woodii were not significantly different except for culture of A. noterae combined with FPM and defaunator additives was higher than CRDF (P<0.05) (ie. 122.9 vs. 97.9 mM for total VFA and 73.43 vs. 68.37% for composition of acetic acid). It is assumed that isolates of A. noterae and A. woodii could be functioned as methanogenesis inhibitor according to the reaction of 2CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH3COOH + 2H2O by which reduction of CO2 with H2 producing CH4 can be inhibited or decreased. Their function as methanogenesis inhibitor would be more significant when they are combined with microbial growth factors and defaunator. Kata Kunci: Asetogenik-bacteria, Acetoanaerobium noterae, Acetobacterium woodii, deer, methane

Utilization of complete rumen modifier on sheep fed high fibrous forages. Amlius Thalib; Yeni Widiawati; Budi Haryanto
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 15, No 2 (2010): JUNE 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

A research to improve livestock productivity and lower enteric methane production on ruminant was conducted by manipulation approach on rumen system using a complete rumen modifier (CRM). An in vivo experiment was carried out using twenty four sheep ( mean weight 18 kg) which were distributed into 3 treatment groups of feed additive: I. control ( without treatment: K); II: K + CRM-LG; III: K + CRM-EL. Diet given consisted of fermented rice straw (ad libitum) + concentrate containing 16 % protein (400 g/head/day), and drinking water was given ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks based on completely randomized design. By the end of the experiment, animals were placed in the metabolism cages for 2 weeks (ie. 1 week for adaptation and 1 week for data collection). Rumen liquid of each treated animal was taken for the measurement of rumen characteristics. Parameter measuremed were: total gas production; gas composition of CO2 and CH4; in vitro DMD; NH3 and VFA contents; pH; bacterial and protozoal counts; consumption/ DMI; in vivo DMD; ADG and FCR. The results showed that productivity of sheep was improved by CRM treatments followed by lowered enteric methane production. The ADG values of CRM treatments (71.4 to 73.5 g) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of control (50 g). The improvement of average daily gain was followed by a better feed conversion (P < 0.05) (ie. 10.6 vs. 12.8). The CRM treatments lowered the percentage of CH4 by 24% compared to Control (P < 0.05). The total and composition of VFA of CRM-treated rumen liquor were significantly different (P<0.05) compared to that of rumen liquor of Control (ie. the total VFA: 85.3 vs 73.5 mM and the percentage of acetic acid: 67.8 vs 60.3%). It is concluded that CRM treatment resulted in positive effects on growth of ruminant fed high fibrous forages such as rice straw and could lower enteric methane production. Key Words: Rumen Modifier, Productivity, Enteric Methane, Sheep, Rice Straw

The effects of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit on rumen microbes and performance of sheep Amlius Thalib; Y Widiawati; H Hamid; D Suherman; M Sabrani
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 2, No 1 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Eighteen local sheep weighing approximately 15 kg were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups . All animals received a mixture of elephant and native grasses (50 :50) ad libitum + concentrate (0.5% of liveweight) . The treatments given were : (1) no additive, (II) addition of placebo and (III) addition of methanol-extracted Sapindus rarak fruit (MES) at level of 0.07% of liveweight. Placebo and MES were given orally every 3 days . Feeding treatments were conducted for 14 weeks . Rumen liquor of all animals were collected in the third week "and observed for rumen ecosystem and ruminal digestibility . Bodyweight gain and feed consumption were measured . The results showed that MES eliminates the protozoal population by 57% and sequently increases bacterial population by 69% when compared to control (1). Lowered protozoa population has no effect on lactic acid and total volatile fatty acids productions, and a consequence, does not change pH (Pa0.05) . However, lowered protozoa population decreased NH3-N content (P<0 .05) . Cumulative gas production resulting from substrate (rice straw) fermented by rumen liquor from sheep fed MES-added diet (III) increased by 13% when compared to control (1)). Compared to control (I), average daily gain of sheep fed MES-added diet (111) is increased by 44% with an improved efficiency by 28%. Keywords : Saponin, protozoa, bacteria, performance of sheep

Effect of micromineral and phenylpropionic acid on performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria degrading fibre of forage Amlius Thalib; B Haryanto; S Kompiang; I-W Mathius; A Aini
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner Vol 5, No 2 (2000): JUNE 2000
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD)

Performances of coccus and rod-shaped cellulolytic bacteria as inoculum for fermentation of fibrous substrate treated with growth or stimulator factors have been conducted by in vitro. The bacteria were firstly separated and purified based on their morphological shape and followed by identification of their gram type. The treatments as follow : control, Cu (1,0 ppm), Zn (6,0 ppm), Se (0,02 ppm), Fe (16 ppm), Co (0,02 ppm), Mn (4,0 ppm), Mo (0,002 ppm), and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) (30 ppm). These factors were added into fermentation media individually (F.P/S) and as mixture (Mix F.P/S). Substrates used were cellulose and rice straw. Measurements were bacterial digestion of drymatter (DMD), bacterial count, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N contents. Gram test showed that inoculum cellulolytic cocci and rods are gram-positive and gram-negative consecutively. The results of treatments showed that Cu, Zn, Co, Mo and PPA improve digestibility of cellulose and rice straw substrates by cellulolytic cocci significantly (p<0.05), and beside Mn, these factors increased the total count of cellulolytic cocci in fermentation medium significantly (p<0.05). The growth or stimulator factors increasing digestibility values of the substrates by cellulolytic rods significantly (p<0.05) were Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, Co, Mn and Mo (except Mn for rice straw substrate). Only 4 elements of the growth and stimulator factors increasing the total count of cellulolytic rods during fermentation of cellulose and rice straw substrates significantly (p<0.05) that is Zn, Co, Mn and Mo. Digestibility of cellulose by cocci is higher than by rods (34.65% vs 29.87%), however, the digestibility of rice straw by both bacteria did not show difference. Digestibility of both cellulose and rice straw substrates was improved by cocci and rods combination and improved further when treated with Mix F.P/S. Parameters of fermentation media ecosystem measured (i.e. total count of bacteria, VFA and NH3-N) were generally changed to be better when treated with Mix F.P/S. It is concluded that performances of cocci and rods in digesting fibrous substrate are different, and growth or stimulator factors improved the activities of both group of bacteria significantly. Key words : Cellulolytic cocci, cellulolytic rods, growth and stimulator factors, bacterial digestion

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