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DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND ENERGY RECOVERY IN URBAN SETTINGS: PERFORMANCE OF A MODIFIED SEPTIC TANK-MICROBIAL FUEL CELL SYSTEM Larasati, Dyanung; Setiyawan, Ahmad Soleh; Surinkul, Nawatch; Va, Vandith
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2, OCTOBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v8i2.23544

Abstract

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology has attracted interest for its dual role in wastewater treatment and energy generation. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a Modified Septic Tank-Microbial Fuel Cell (MST-MFC) for office domestic wastewater treatment, focusing on organic matter, ammonia removal, and electricity generation. Methodology and results:  In this study, synthetic wastewater was prepared to simulate the typical composition of domestic effluent from office buildings. The main variables measured in this study included pH, temperature, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and ammonia levels. A 196 L reactor (36 h HRT) with anoxic, anaerobic, aerobic, and sedimentation zones was equipped with three pairs of zinc–copper electrodes (2 cm spacing) placed in anaerobic (anode) and aerobic (cathode) chambers. Synthetic wastewater with controlled COD:N:P ratios was applied at two organic loading rates (OLRs): 7 and 11.94 mg COD/L.h. At the lower OLR, COD removal reached 100% versus 93.85% at the higher OLR. Ammonia removal was also higher (27.61% vs. 17.59%), while electricity generation peaked with 461.88 mV, 355.67 mW/m2, and 0.0970% Coulombic efficiency. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The MST-MFC showed strong potential for decentralized wastewater treatment with energy recovery, though limited ammonia removal indicates further optimization is needed, with OLR as a key factor.
The Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater from Office Buildings in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia VA, Vandith; Setiyawan, Ahmad Soleh; Soewondo, Prayatni; Putri, Dyah Wulandari
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY Volume 1, Number 2, April 2018
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i2.2826

Abstract

Domestic wastewater generated from various types of buildings has been recognized to be different to some extent. This research aimed to know the quality, quantity, fluctuation of quality, and fluctuation of quantity of domestic wastewater discharged from office buildings. The composite samples were taken from two office buildings. The black water and gray water were taken from Building A with number of people 53 persons, and the mixed wastewater was taken both from Building A and Building B with number of people 900 persons. The fluctuation and quantity of wastewater were measured every hour from 7 am until 4 pm during the working time. The results showed that the quality of wastewater from office building contained 176 to 238 mg/L COD, 73.06 to 106.51 mg/L TN, and 3.66 to 7.70 mg/L TP with the average of C:N:P ratio was 100:42:2.56. Quantity of wastewater discharged from office buildings were from 39.61 to 49.93 liter/person/day. COD concentration changed significantly during the working time with mean ± standard (252.5±89). The quantity of wastewater varied over time and the peak discharge for black water and gray water were 2.85 litter/person/hour and 3.74 liter/person/hour, which occurred during the beginning of working time and the praying time of muslim Indonesian culture. It suggests that the domestic wastewater from office buildings has specific characteristics and it contains high concentration of nutrient that is required appropriate advanced technology for treating this kind of wastewater.
ORGANIC REMOVAL IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER USING ANAEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEM-MBBR WITH FLOW RECIRCULATION RATIO AND INTERMITTENT AERATION Subroto, Michael; Prayogo, Wisnu; Soewondo, Prayatni; Setiyawan, Ahmad Soleh
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 5, NUMBER 3, OCTOBER 2022
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v5i3.12776

Abstract

Aim: The modified Small-scale Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant (SDSTP) reactor with anaerobic fixed bed- aerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) is implemented to find the optimum condition for organic degradation related to recirculation and intermittent aeration practices with the purpose to comply with the governmental regulation standard.  Methodology and Results: This research have been done with the artificial wastewater with characteristic similar to the sewage treatment plant (STP) of Telkom company with ratio C:N:P of characterized domestic wastewater is 252.40:85.42:3.01 that consists of glucose, NH4Cl, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate, and sodium nitrite (NaNO2). Reactor design related with attached biomass in media until 2478.56 mg MLVSS.L-1 with the growth kinetics rate (μ) of 0.4691 day—1. The artificial wastewater is applied the determine the optimum variation of flow recirculation and periodic aeration in specific Hydraulics Retention Time (HRT) and Organic Loading Rate (OLR). In this research, the optimum recirculation ratio for organic degradation is 26.40 L.h-1 and the optimum aeration frequency variation is  12 hours in intermittent frequency with the maximum efficiency of organic degradation of 76.10% with the degradation efficiency real domestic wastewater application from STP Telkom company is 83.09%. Conclusion, significance and impact study:  Stover-Kincannon model is the best model with highest accuracy rate to model the degradation performance of organic compounds by the anaerobic fixed bed- aerobic MBBR SDSTP with determination coefficient 0.8623 and also degradation coefficient 38.121 day-1 compared with other models studied in this research.
Analysis of Individual Aspects in Riverbank Slums on Sustainable Sanitation Development (Case Study: Bima City, NTB, Indonesia) Gusmiati, Gusmiati; Soewondo, Prayatni; Awfa, Dion; Halomoan, Nico; Sarli, Prasanti Widyasih; Setiyawan, Ahmad Soleh
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 56 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Directorate for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.2.10

Abstract

Currently, 24.5% of the population of Bima City lack access to sanitation. The issue is predominantly concentrated in densely populated urban slums along the riverbanks, influenced by the cultural and societal context of Indonesian society. From 2021 to 2022, a comprehensive mixed-method study was conducted in three urban slums, applying the Integrated Framework for Sanitation Services (IFSS) to explore individual aspects within a socio-cultural context. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the research involved a household questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews (IDI). The study revealed that individual aspects are shaped by perceptions of the convenience of open defecation and latrine use as well as experiences with shared latrines, driving the adoption of private latrines. Challenges such as financial constraints and limited construction capabilities in urban slum communities often hinder latrine construction, though cultural and traditional values (adat) in the Bima community in urban slums help to alleviate these obstacles. A recommendation is made to enhance the monitoring of sanitation adoption progress, focusing on the sanitation system’s functioning and adherence to the sanitation hierarchy. Despite awareness of the importance of safe disposal, its impact on sanitation behavior in Bima City’s urban slums has been constrained, underscoring the imperative for effective behavior change communication strategies.
STRATEGI PENANGANAN SANITASI DI PERMUKIMAN KUMUH DENGAN PENDEKATAN PARTISIPASI STAKEHOLDER (STUDI KASUS KOTA BIMA, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT) Hutagaol, David Christian; Soewondo, Prayatni; Awfa, Dion; Setiyawan, Ahmad Soleh; Sarli, Prasanti Widyasih; Halomoan, Nico
Jurnal Reka Lingkungan Vol 11, No 3 (2023)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Nasional, Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26760/rekalingkungan.v11i3.246-257

Abstract

ABSTRAKKebutuhan akan sanitasi merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia sebagai bagian dari upaya perlindungan kesehatan dan mendorong peningkatan ekonomi melalui peningkatan kapasitas pemerintah kabupaten/kota untuk mengimplementasikan program sanitasi di Indonesia. Kota Bima sebagai lokasi studu dengan permasalahan sanitasi perlu didukung oleh stakeholder. Penelitian ini dapat melengkapi dokumen yang sudah dibuat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode campuran atau mixed method yang dilakukan secara kualitatif pada metode Stakeholder Analysis (SA) dan metode kuantitatif pada metode Social Network Analysis (SNA). Stakeholder Analysis dilakukan dengan focus group discussion (FGD) sedangkan Social Network Analysis dilakukan berdasarkan kuesioner yang diisi oleh peserta FGD saat acara FGD berlangsung. Hasil rangkaian penelitian di Kota Bima: teridentifikasi 52 stakeholder yang memiliki kepentingan terkait sanitasi di permukiman kumuh; terpetakan ada 8 key actors, 7 important actors, 6 interested actors, dan 9 additional actors ; teridentifikasi 4 influential stakeholders yang juga adalah key actors. Secara umum kekohesifan (density) semua jenis kerja sama pada Kota Bima tidak cukup baik, yaitu 7,7%. Diperlukan peningkatan kerja sama dengan Perusahaan Swasta, Masyarakat, dan Akademisi untuk penanganan sanitasi di permukiman kumuh Kota Bima. Kata kunci: sanitasi, kawasan kumuh, stakeholder analysis, social network analysis, Kota Bima ABSTRACTThe need for sanitation is one of the basic human needs as part of efforts to protect health and encourage economic improvement to increase the capacity of district/city governments to implement sanitation programs in Indonesia. Bima City as a study location with sanitation problems needs to be supported by stakeholders. This research was carried out using mixed methods which were generally carried out qualitatively using the Stakeholder Analysis (SA) method and quantitatively using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method. Stakeholder Analysis was carried out using a focus group discussion (FGD) while Social Network Analysis was carried out based on a questionnaire filled out by FGD participants during the FGD event. The results of research series in Bima City: identified 52 stakeholders who have an interest in sanitation in slum settlements; there are 8 key actors, 7 important actors, 6 interested actors, and 9 additional actors; there are 4 influential stakeholders who are also key actors. In general, the cohesiveness (density) of all types of cooperation in Bima City is not good enough, namely 7.7%. There is a need to increase cooperation with private companies, communities and academics to handle sanitation in Bima City slums. Keywords : sanitation, slum area, stakeholder analysis, social network analysis, Bima City