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All Journal Masalah-Masalah Hukum NOTARIUS Diponegoro Law Journal PIKSEL : Penelitian Ilmu Komputer Sistem Embedded and Logic Law, Development and Justice Review Jurnal Suara Hukum Jurnal Pengabdian West Science
Muhamad Azhar, Muhamad
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Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Public Health Social Sciences

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Digital Transformation of Contract Law: Legal Certainty and Human Rights Protection in AI-Based Contracts Priyono, Ery Agus; Akinrinde, Olawale Olufemi; Al Fithri, Muhammad Najiib; Azhar, Muhamad
Jurnal Suara Hukum Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Suara Hukum
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

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Abstract

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has driven the digital transformation of electronic contracting practices by introducing automated systems and electronic agents. However, using AI to form and execute contracts raises legal issues, particularly regarding the validity of agreements, legal certainty, and the protection of human rights. According to Indonesian contract law, agreements are valid if they meet the requirements of Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) which includes mutual agreement and legal capacity. However, AI lacks free will and legal status. This study aims to analyze the discrepancy between applicable legal norms and the practice of using AI in electronic contracts in Indonesia. This study employs normative legal research with a legislative and comparative law approach, focusing on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts. The results reveal that Indonesian positive law does not explicitly regulate the validity or legal liability of AI-based contracts. This lack of regulation has the potential to cause legal uncertainty and substantive injustice. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize national law with international standards and integrate a human rights–based approach to ensure legal certainty and justice in AI-based contracts.    
Co-Authors Adiyanta, F. C. Susila Akinrinde, Olawale Olufemi Al Fithri, Muhammad Najiib Al-Banna, Hasan Dwi Budi Santoso Dwi Putri, Melisa Ery Agus Priyono, Ery Agus Gabriel, Jaewook Lee Gata, Windu Hafidz, Noor Hardiyan, Salwa Putri Hendra Wijaya Kadek Cahya Susila Wibawa Kamal, Muhammad Yusuf Maharani, Jasmine Kirana Maulana, Agung Pitra Mufidah, Nur Ni’Mah Nabila, Nisa Paramita Prananingtyas Purnamawati, Indri Dwi Qurrahman, Muhammad Taufiq Rudianto, Biktra Suhartoyo Suhartoyo, Suhartoyo Zidan, Ahmad Zaenaddin