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All Journal Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Guru Sekolah Dasar (JPPGuseda) ACCOUNTHIK : Journal of Accounting and Finance Jurnal Riset Ekonomi Syariah Jurnal Riset Hukum Keluarga islam Sahid Banking Journal Bandung Conference Series : Sharia Economic Law Bandung Conference Series : Islamic Family Law Jurnal Riset Perbankan Syariah Tasyri' : Jurnal Muamalah dan Ekonomi Syariah
Neneng Nurhasanah
Universtitas Islam Bandung
Religion Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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The The Ownership of Generative AI Outputs as Objects of Contract in Islamic Commercial Law: an Analysis of Milk Theory, Ma’qud ‘alaih, and Maqasid al-shariah Rian Agung Nugraha; Neneng Nurhasanah; Panji Adam Agus Putra; Ferdian Franata
Tasyri' : Jurnal Muamalah dan Ekonomi Syariah Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): TASYRI’: Jurnal Muamalah dan Ekonomi Syari’ah
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum dan Ekonomi Syariah Institut Agama Islam Pangeran Dharma Kusuma Indramayu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55656/tjmes.v8i2.705

Abstract

The rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created new forms of economic transactions in which AI-generated outputs possess significant economic value. This phenomenon raises important legal questions within Islamic commercial jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah), particularly regarding ownership (milk), the validity of AI outputs as contractual objects (ma'qud 'alaih), and their conformity with maqasid al-shariah. This study aims to examine the legal status of Generative AI outputs through the perspectives of ownership theory, contractual object requirements, and maqasid al-shariah. The research employs a qualitative normative approach using a library research design. Data were collected from classical fiqh literature, fatwas issued by Islamic institutions, contemporary Sharia standards, and academic publications on AI and the digital economy. The data were analyzed using content analysis and a comparative madhhab approach. The findings indicate that lawful and economically valuable AI-generated outputs may be classified as mal mutaqawwim. However, ownership is not automatically established by every user prompt, but depends on meaningful human creative contribution and clear contractual arrangements between users and AI developers. Furthermore, AI outputs fulfill the requirements of ma'qud 'alaih when they satisfy the criteria of lawful subject matter, deliverability, and sufficient specification. From the perspective of maqasid al-shariah, AI-output transactions are permissible provided they promote the protection of wealth, intellect, life, and religion while avoiding harm to individuals and society.
Co-Authors Afifa Nurhanifah Agus Prakarsa Yuristama Ajat Rukajat Ajeng Wijayanti Siswanto Alya Syifa Utami Handriansyah Citra Mega Mayasari Ferdian Franata Fitri Fitri Hasnas Sania Ghassani Intan Nurrachmi Liza Dzulhijjah M Wildan Firdaus Mochamad Adrian Pranata Moh Ramdhan Rizalussani Muhammad Yunus Muhardi Muhardi Nashiha Nabiela Difarry Panji Adam Agus Putra Popon Srisusilawati Prinisa Hamdani Putri Indah Yunengsih Ria Kusumaningrum Rian Agung Nugraha Rully Trihantana Sabarina Irbah Tiara Marliana Tiara Marliana Venni Avionita Zaenal Arifin