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All Journal Insignia: Journal of International Relations Global Strategis Jurnal Hubungan Internasional JURNAL MUQODDIMAH : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hummaniora WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs Papua Journal Of Diplomacy And International Relations
Katong Ragawi Numadi
Universitas Bali Internasional
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Nordic Economy Model: Principle for Economic Democracy Fauzi Firmansyah Prakoso; Katong Ragawi Numadi
Global Strategis Vol. 15 No. 1 (2021): Global Strategis
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Unair

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.15.1.2021.79-102

Abstract

Globalisasi dan neoliberalisasi ekonomi ditandai dengan semakin dominannya praktik ekonomi kapitalisme lintas batas negara. Pada fase ini terjadi intensifikasi proses industrialisasi sejalan dengan semakin terbukanya arus perdagangan dan investasi global. Hal ini pada kenyataanya menghasilkan dampak negatif, kecenderungan mengejar pertumbuhan dan keuntungan ekonomi mengakibatkan negara mengabaikan prinsip paling dasar dalam perekonomian yaitu kesejahteraan masyarakat. Faktanya dewasa ini distribusi kekayaan cenderung tidak berimbang yang mana kontrol ekonomi terbesar justru berada pada sebagian kecil kelompok masyarakat, sementara sebagian besar kelompok masyarakat lainnya cenderung termarjinalkan. Demokrasi ekonomi merupakan konsep alternatif terhadap perkembangan ekonomi modern. Bahwa perhatian utama adalah terciptanya kesetaraan ekonomi bagi seluruh masyarakat. Konsep ini menjadi moderasi bagi perdebatan kapitalisme dan sosialisme, bahwa keterlibatan negara harus dilakukan dalam derajat tertentu guna menanggulangi dampak negatif perkembangan kapitalisme modern. Salah satu bentuk implementasi konsepsi ini adalah model ekonomi di negara-negara Nordik. Negara-negara ini memiliki tingkat kesetaraan dan kesejahteraan ekonomi tertinggi melalui adanya sistem pengeluaran negara yang berfokus terhadap aspek sosial masyarakatnya. Salah satu wujud keberhasilan model ekonomi ini dapat dilihat di Denmark yang mana pemerintah melakukan pembiayaan terhadap seluruh kebutuhan sosial masyarakat seperti kesehatan dan pendidikan melalui sistem pajak dan pembiayaan secara kolektif.Kata-kata Kunci: Demokrasi Ekonomi, Nordik, Denmark, Kapitalisme, KesejahteraanGlobalization and economic neoliberalism in practice are commonly associated with thick capitalism in the domestic economy realm. In this phase, the intensification of the industrialization process took place with the increasing issuance of global trade and investment flows. This process produces a negative impact when it pursues economic growth, and economic benefits enhancement sets aside equality as the basic foundation of economic development. More than that, in the modern economy, only a small portion of the community controls the whole economic process, while most other community groups are marginalized. Economic Democracy is an alternative concept for the development of the modern economy. This concept argues that the economy should focus on the creation of economic equality for the whole community. This concept becomes a moderation for the debate between capitalism and socialism. Economic Democracy requires the state’s involvement to a certain degree to overcome the negative impact of modern capitalism development. One form of implementation of this conception is the Nordik model of the economy. The Nordic countries have the highest equality and economic prosperity through a high social expenditure for their society. One form of success of this economic model is paramount in Denmark, where the government finances all community social needs such as health and education through the tax system and collective financing.Keywords: Economic Democracy, Nordic, Denmark, Capitalism, Welfare
Organisasi Kriminal Transnasional: Perburuan Gajah dan Perdagangan Gading Ilegal di Republik Demokratik Kongo (DRC) Sahlawati Sahlawati; Katong Ragawi Numadi
Jurnal Ilmiah Muqoddimah: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hummaniora Vol 5, No 2 (2021): Agustus 2021
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Tapanuli Selatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31604/jim.v5i2.2021.406-416

Abstract

Ancaman isu kontemporer jarang memperoleh perhatian internasional salah satunya tentang illicit trade yang digolongkan sebagai Transnational Organized Crime (TOC).  Illicit Trade berlangsung lintas negara dan dilakukan secara ilegal. Perdagangan satwa langka merupakan salah satu bentuk illicit trade yang marak dilakukan terutama di kawasan negara berkembang di Afrika, Asia, dan Amerika Latin. Kawasan sentral Afrika termasuk Republik Demokratik Kongo (DRC) merupakan negara yang terbilang rentan terhadap aktivitas organisasi kriminal transnasional terutama dalam aspek penyelundupan satwa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan permasalahan kontemporer yang jarang mendapat perhatian dari elemen global. Untuk mendapatkan data tentang pemburuan dan perdagagan gading illegal maka digunakan metode kualitatif yang bersumber dari data sekunder seperti buku, jurnal, dan artikel daring. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa masalah illicit trade mulai mendapatkan perhatian pemerintah dan masyarakat global memasuki tahun 2010-an. Respon yang dilakukan dengan memperbaiki aturan dan langkah strategis terhadap pemburu dan produsen gading illegal dengan melibatkankan seluruh elemen diantaranya Republik Demokratik Kongo, organisasi regional dan internasional, organisasi internasional non-pemerintah, dan peran dari masyarakat lokal.Kata Kunci: Gading ilegal, organisasi criminal transnasional, Perdagangan gelap, Republik Demokratik Kongo.
The Outlook of Brazilian Amazon Forest Restoration under The Leadership of President Lula da Silva Numadi, Katong Ragawi
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 11 No 1 (2024): April 2024
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ins.2024.11.1.9853

Abstract

The implementation of anti-environmental policies during the conservative government under President Jair Bolsonaro has resulted in the destruction of the Brazilian Amazon forest region. The deforestation rate, which had previously decreased, started to climb significantly in 2019. The devastating forest fires that hit the Amazon at the end of this year is indivisible from the government's neglect. The re-election of Lula da Silva as President of Brazil in 2023 sparked great optimism among the Brazilians and international public for restoring Brazilian Amazon forestbecause Lula, as Brazil president for two previous periods, had succeeded in reducing the deforestation and destruction of the Brazilian Amazon forest to its lowest point in 2003-2011. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the vision of restoring the Brazilian Amazon forest under the new government of Lula da Silva. This study uses a qualitative method that relies on various information originating from government documents, related books and journals, online news reports, and several other types of secondary data. Based on the initial research, Lula has carried out multiple programs related to Amazon Forest restoration, from initiating sustainable economic development to strengthening law enforcement, protecting indigenous communities, and strengthening cooperation with the international community. As a result, the level of deforestation and forest fires in the Amazon has now followed a significant downward trend. Keywords: Amazon, Brazil, Lula da Silva
Political Dynamics Behind the Discrepancies in Poland’s Refugee Acceptance Policy towards Refugees from Ukraine and Africa and the Middle East Numadi, Katong Ragawi
Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Cenderawasih

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31957/pjdir.v3i2.3205

Abstract

Poland hosts the most Ukrainian refugees as a result of Russian-Ukraine war. This reception clearly contradicts its closed-door policy, especially refugees from Africa and the Middle East. This article seeks to explain this contradiction. Using qualitative method by examining secondary sources, result shows that there are significant differences in Polish refuge policy concerning the recent Russo-Ukrainian War and the previous European refugee crises. Those differences are mainly driven by domestic and international politics. In the domestic realm, the rejection of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa is closely linked to the public negative sentiment and the rise of conservative political groups against those groups. In contrast, there is a large support of Polish political elements and public solidarity for Ukrainian refugees. Meanwhile, in the international realm, Poland’s activeness in accepting a significant number of Ukrainian refugees can be understood as a manifestation of Polish concern and resistance to the aggressiveness of Russian expansionism.   KEYWORDS Political Dynamic; Poland; Refugee; Ukraine
Cheque Book Diplomacy di Balik Kebijakan Peralihan Hubungan Diplomatik Solomon Islands dari Taiwan ke Tiongkok pada Tahun 2019 Numadi, Katong Ragawi
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 16 No. 2 (2023): JURNAL HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jhi.v16i2.44353

Abstract

Sejak mendapatkan kemerdekaannya, Solomon Islands menjadi partner strategis bagi Taiwan di kawasan Pasifik Selatan. Di tengah keputusan internasional terkait pengakuan kedaulatan Tiongkok atas dasar One China Principle, Solomon Islands bersama beberapa Negara-negara Pasifik Selatan tetap konsisten dalam mendukung ketergantungan Taiwan. Sebagai timbal baliknya, Solomon Islands menjadi negara penerima bantuan pembangunan terbesar dari Taiwan di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan. Akan tetapi pada akhir tahun 2019 secara mengejutkan Pemerintah Solomon Islands menetapkan kebijakan peralihan hubungan diplomatik dari Taiwan ke Tiongkok. Hal ini ditandai dengan kunjungan langsung jajaran pemerintahan Solomon Islands ke Beijing sekaligus menandatangani keikutsertaannya dalam program pembangunan Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) rancangan Tiongkok. Tulisan ini menampilkan bahwasanya keputusan peralihan dukungan Solomon Islands tidak lepas dari dinamika cheque book diplomacy Tiongkok dan Taiwan di Pasifik Selatan. Dalam dua dekade terakhir pengaruh Tiongkok meningkat secara signifikan dilihat dari intensitas bantuan dan lingkup kerjasama lainnya terhadap negaranegara "aliansinya” di kawasan. Sebaliknya intensitas bantuan dan kerjasama yang dilakukan Taiwan di kawasan, khususnya bagi Solomon Islands terbilang konstan dan terbatas.
Global Response towards the Transnationalism of Illegal Rhinoceros Commodity Hunting and Trading in South Africa Numadi, Katong Ragawi; Ma'rifat, Filasafia Marsya
Global Strategis Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023): Global Strategis
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.17.1.2023.239-268

Abstract

Globalization, which coincides with the formation of a global economic network, has provided convenience in various aspects as well as created new threats, one of them is illegal poaching and illegal trade in wildlife commodities. This is illustrated in this paper through the integration of Africa into the dynamics of the global economy which also has a negative impact in the form of increasing cases of illegal poaching and trade in wildlife commodities, especially African rhino species. The results of this qualitative research found that the issue of poaching wild rhinos in the African region experienced a drastic increase in the early 2010s and reached its peak in 2016 with South Africa as the hotspot as well as the starting point of the supply chain on this issue. Even though the South African government has ratified the Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and made various prevention efforts, the South African government is still experiencing bureaucratic limitations and conflicts of interest in dealing with this issue. As a result, the "transnational” term of illegal wildlife hunting and trade operations also requires other collaborative steps involving various international state organizations (IGOs) and non-state (INGOs) working in the same field. Keywords: Rhinoceros, Rhino Horn, South Africa, Poaching, Illicit Trade   Globalisasi yang bersamaan dengan terbentuknya jaringan perekonomian global pada faktanya telah memberikan kemudahan di berbagai aspek sekaligus memunculkan berbagai ancaman baru, salah satunya adalah perburuan dan perdagangan komoditas margasatwa ilegal. Hal tersebut diilustrasikan dalam tulisan ini melalui integrasi Afrika ke dalam dinamika ekonomi global yang tidak hanya berdampak positif, tetapi juga memunculkan dampak negatif berupa meningkatnya kasus perburuan dan perdagangan komoditas margasatwa ilegal, khususnya spesies badak Afrika. Hasil penelitian kualitatif ini menemukan bahwa isu perburuan badak liar di wilayah Afrika mengalami peningkatan drastis di awal dekade 2010-an dan mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 2016 dengan Afrika Selatan sebagai hotspot sekaligus titik awal rantai suplai dalam isu tersebut. Kendati pemerintah Afrika Selatan telah meratifikasi Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) dan melakukan berbagai upaya pencegahan, pemerintah Afrika Selatan nyatanya masih mengalami keterbatasan birokrasi dan konflik kepentingan dalam mengatasi isu tersebut. Alhasil, sifat transnasional dalam operasi perburuan dan perdagangan satwa ilegal juga menuntut adanya langkah kolaboratif lain yang melibatkan berbagai organisasi internasional negara (IGOs) dan non-negara (INGOs) yang bergerak di bidang yang sama. Kata-kata Kunci: Badak, Cula Badak, Afrika Selatan, Perburuan, dan Perdagangan Ilegal
Evaluating The Implementation of The Maputo Protocol in The Protection of Women's Rights in Kenya Numadi, Katong Ragawi
Global Strategis Vol. 18 No. 2 (2024): Global Strategis
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.18.2.2024.245-266

Abstract

The Maputo Protocol is the most progressive provision specified by the African Nations regarding the importance of women's protection. The content of the protocol was agreed upon by the board of the African Union in Maputo, Mozambique, in July 2003. Entering twenty years of implementation in 2023, 44 of 55 governments of the African countries have committed to protecting women's rights based on the protocol's provisions. Kenya has only ratified the protocol since 2010, which is relatively new compared to the other African countries. This research aims to explain and evaluate the implementation of the Maputo Protocol in Kenya from its ratification in 2010 until the end of 2023. This research uses a qualitative method to gain a comprehensive understanding by analyzing any information from official documents, previous research, related journals, news reports, and other secondary sources. The results show a huge commitment from the government, agencies, institutions, and the Kenyan community to improve women's conditions by supporting the protocol's implementation. As a result, women's rights in the country have shown some progress in recent years. However, some problems related to gender inequality still exist and need to be the primary concern of the government and the people of Kenya. Keywords: Maputo Protocol, Women’s Rights, Kenya   Protokol Maputo merupakan aturan mengenai perlindungan perempuan yang berlaku di kawasan Afrika. Pemberlakuan protokol disepakati oleh negara-negara anggota African Union di Maputo, Mozambik, pada Juli tahun 2003. Memasuki dua puluh tahun implementasi Protokol Maputo pada tahun 2023, sebanyak 44 dari 55 negara Afrika telah menyatakan komitmennya untuk melindungi hak-hak perempuan sebagaimana yang diatur di dalam ketentuan protokol. Kenya merupakan salah satu negara yang baru meratifikasi Protokol Maputo pada tahun 2010. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan mengevaluasi implementasi Protokol Maputo di Kenya sejak meratifikasi pada tahun 2010 sampai 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dalam rangka memperoleh pemahaman komprehensif dengan menganalisis berbagai informasi terkait dari dokumen kenegaraan, penelitian sebelumnya, jurnal, berita, dan sumber-sumber sekunder lainnya. Secara umum, diketahui bahwa sejak meratifikasi Protokol Maputo, Kenya telah menunjukkan beberapa progres perlindungan hak asasi perempuan. Kendati demikian, berbagai permasalahan mengenai ketidaksetaraan gender masih terjadi dan patut mendapatkan perhatian serius dari pemerintah dan komunitas masyarakat di Kenya.  Kata-kata Kunci: Protokol Maputo, Perlindungan Perempuan, Kenya
QRIS Cross-Border: Indonesia’s Soft Power Diplomacy Instrument in Payment Digitalization in Southeast Asia Aryowiloto, Julang; Numadi, Katong Ragawi; Manggo, Thessalonicha Nathania
WIMAYA Vol. 5 No. 02 (2024)
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL VETERAN JAWA TIMUR

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33005/wimaya.v5i02.168

Abstract

The use of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as a digital payment method has become widespread among the Indonesian population. This success can be attributed to the innovation and convenience offered by QRIS. Beyond Indonesia, QRIS can also be utilized as a digital payment method in countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, and Brunei Darussalam through the QRIS Cross-Border initiative. This paper aims to explore the trajectory of QRIS Cross-Border as a digital payment system applicable in most Southeast Asian countries, despite the existence of similar payment systems already in use within these nations. From the perspective of soft power diplomacy, this paper argues that Indonesia has effectively influenced the digital payment policy preferences of Southeast Asian countries by positioning QRIS Cross-Border as a tool of soft power. By leveraging the competitive advantages of QRIS Cross-Border, Indonesia has successfully attracted these nations to adopt it as their digital payment system. Nevertheless, the implementation of QRIS Cross-Border has not yet fully reached all countries in Southeast Asia.
Ukraine’s Counter-Strategic Responses Toward Russian Propaganda and Disinformation During the War Numadi, Katong Ragawi
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 18 No. 1 (2025): JURNAL HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jhi.v18i1.71215

Abstract

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine was followed by a series of propaganda and disinformation aimed at degrading the government's political power and military capabilities in dealing with the war situation. Since the conflict escalated, there has been a significant increase in the spread of Russian propaganda messages and disinformation narratives among domestic Ukrainian society. Given the importance of political support and international legitimacy for the attack on Ukraine, the spread of propaganda and fake news about Ukraine has also targeted the global public. The enormous political impact requires Ukraine to take strategic countermeasures against the domination of Russian disinformation narratives. This study aims to explain the various strategic actions taken by the Ukrainian government and community organizations to overcome the spread of Russian propaganda messages and disinformation. This research uses a qualitative approach to analyze several of Ukraine’s actions toward Russian propaganda and disinformation attacks. A literature study technique has been conducted in this research by exploring the government’s statements, previous research, online publications, and other resources to collect data related to the topic. In general, this research found that the Ukrainian government, in collaboration with civil society communities, has increased anti-propaganda and disinformation campaigns to deal with the problems domestically. Meanwhile, various diplomatic initiatives are conducted in collaboration with governments and community organizations in different countries to counter the spread of Russian disinformation in the international sphere. It is hoped that, by applying those strategic steps, Ukraine can efficiently degrade Russia's political power and information domination regarding the war situation in the global arena. Keywords: Propaganda; Disinformation; Russia; Ukraine
Organisasi Kriminal Transnasional: Perburuan Gajah dan Perdagangan Gading Ilegal di Republik Demokratik Kongo (DRC) Sahlawati, Sahlawati; Numadi, Katong Ragawi
Jurnal Ilmiah Muqoddimah: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hummaniora Vol 5, No 2 (2021): Agustus 2021
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Tapanuli Selatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31604/jim.v5i2.2021.406-416

Abstract

Ancaman isu kontemporer jarang memperoleh perhatian internasional salah satunya tentang illicit trade yang digolongkan sebagai Transnational Organized Crime (TOC).  Illicit Trade berlangsung lintas negara dan dilakukan secara ilegal. Perdagangan satwa langka merupakan salah satu bentuk illicit trade yang marak dilakukan terutama di kawasan negara berkembang di Afrika, Asia, dan Amerika Latin. Kawasan sentral Afrika termasuk Republik Demokratik Kongo (DRC) merupakan negara yang terbilang rentan terhadap aktivitas organisasi kriminal transnasional terutama dalam aspek penyelundupan satwa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan permasalahan kontemporer yang jarang mendapat perhatian dari elemen global. Untuk mendapatkan data tentang pemburuan dan perdagagan gading illegal maka digunakan metode kualitatif yang bersumber dari data sekunder seperti buku, jurnal, dan artikel daring. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa masalah illicit trade mulai mendapatkan perhatian pemerintah dan masyarakat global memasuki tahun 2010-an. Respon yang dilakukan dengan memperbaiki aturan dan langkah strategis terhadap pemburu dan produsen gading illegal dengan melibatkankan seluruh elemen diantaranya Republik Demokratik Kongo, organisasi regional dan internasional, organisasi internasional non-pemerintah, dan peran dari masyarakat lokal.Kata Kunci: Gading ilegal, organisasi criminal transnasional, Perdagangan gelap, Republik Demokratik Kongo.
Co-Authors Fauzi Firmansyah Prakoso Julang Aryowiloto Ma'rifat, Filasafia Marsya Maharani, Ni Putu Devi Manggo, Thessalonicha Nathania Sahlawati Sahlawati Sahlawati, Sahlawati