Theresia Enjel Octavia Sihombing
Universitas Negeri Medan

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PENGARUH ANGKA PARTISIPASI KASAR(APK) PERGURUAN TINGGI (PT), INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN GENDER, DAN PEKERJAAN PROFESIONAL PEREMPUAN TERHADAP TINGKAT PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN DI INDONESIA Theresia Enjel Octavia Sihombing; Eko Wahyu Nugrahadi
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Vol. 9 No. 4 (2026): August 2026 (1)
Publisher : Smart Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54314/jssr.v9i4.7076

Abstract

Abstract: The persistent gap in female labor force participation remains a major labor-market challenge in Indonesia despite improvements in higher education participation and gender development. This study examines the effects of the Higher Education Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER-HE), Gender Development Index (GDI), and Female Professional Employment on the Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) across 34 Indonesian provinces during 2020–2024. A quantitative approach was employed using balanced panel data comprising 170 observations. Panel regression was estimated using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), selected based on the Chow and Hausman tests. The results indicate that GER-HE has a negative and statistically significant effect on FLFPR, with a coefficient of −0.3948 (p = 0.0076), suggesting a short-term schooling effect in which higher education participation may delay women’s entry into the labor market. GDI has a positive but statistically insignificant coefficient of 0.1030 (p = 0.7260), while Female Professional Employment has a positive but statistically insignificant coefficient of 0.2311 (p = 0.0560). Nevertheless, the three variables jointly significantly explain FLFPR (F-statistic = 43.24635; p < 0.001). The findings highlight the multidimensional nature of female labor participation and the need for integrated policies linking higher education, gender development, and inclusive employment opportunities. Keywords: the participation rate of the female labor force; college apk; gender development index; women's professional occupations; Data Regression Panel.   Abstrak: Kesenjangan partisipasi perempuan di angkatan kerja yang terus-menerus tetap menjadi tantangan besar di pasar tenaga kerja di Indonesia meskipun ada peningkatan dalam partisipasi pendidikan tinggi dan pengembangan gender. Studi ini meneliti dampak Rasio Pendaftaran Bruto Pendidikan Tinggi (GER-HE), Indeks Perkembangan Gender (GDI), dan Ketenagakerjaan Profesional Perempuan terhadap Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Perempuan (FLFPR) di 34 provinsi Indonesia selama tahun 2020–2024. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan menggunakan data panel seimbang yang terdiri dari 170 pengamatan. Regresi panel diperkirakan menggunakan Model Efek Tetap (FEM), yang dipilih berdasarkan uji Chow dan Hausman. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa GER-HE memiliki efek negatif dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap FLFPR, dengan koefisien −0,3948 (p = 0,0076), yang menunjukkan efek pendidikan jangka pendek di mana partisipasi pendidikan tinggi dapat menunda masuknya perempuan ke pasar tenaga kerja. GDI memiliki koefisien positif namun secara statistik tidak signifikan sebesar 0,1030 (p = 0,7260), sementara Ketenagakerjaan Profesional Perempuan memiliki koefisien positif namun secara statistik tidak signifikan sebesar 0,2311 (p = 0,0560). Namun demikian, ketiga variabel tersebut secara bersama-sama secara signifikan menjelaskan FLFPR (F-statistik = 43,24635; p < 0,001). Temuan ini menyoroti sifat multidimensi partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan dan kebutuhan akan kebijakan terintegrasi yang menghubungkan pendidikan tinggi, pengembangan gender, dan peluang kerja inklusif. Kata kunci: tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan; apk perguruan tinggi;indeks pembangunan gender;pekerjaan profesional perempuan;regresi data panel.
Peran Koperasi sebagai Badan Usaha dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian Rakyat Gustina Sari; Theresia Enjel Octavia Sihombing; Khairani Alawiyah Matondang; Feryanto Nababan
Dharma Ekonomi Vol. 32 No. 1 (2025): DHARMA EKONOMI
Publisher : sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Dharmaputra Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59725/de.v32i1.283

Abstract

Cooperatives play a crucial role as business entities in enhancing the people's economy in Indonesia. Rooted in the principles of kinship and mutual cooperation, cooperatives aim to improve the welfare of their members and society at large, rather than merely pursuing profit. This study employs a descriptive analysis method to examine the role of cooperatives as a pillar of the people's economy, focusing on their contributions to microeconomic empowerment, job creation, and strengthening community purchasing power. The findings indicate that cooperatives significantly contribute to local economic growth, particularly through synergy with MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises), as well as by providing members with access to capital and training. However, challenges such as weak management, low financial literacy, and inadequate technological adaptation still hinder the optimization of cooperatives' roles. On the other hand, sharia cooperatives also emphasize social functions based on principles of justice and social responsibility. To enhance the contribution of cooperatives, institutional strengthening, professional management, and regulatory support from the government are required. Thus, cooperatives remain relevant as instruments for inclusive and sustainable economic development in Indonesia. 
Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap Kemiskinan di Sumatera Utara 2018-2023 Arsiska sari; Noubel Putra Nainggolan; Windi Octaviani; Theresia Enjel Octavia Sihombing; Feryanto Nababan; Joko suharianto
Jurnal Masharif al-Syariah: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah Vol 9 No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30651/jms.v9i2.22730

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the impact of the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) and the Human Development Index (IPM) on the number of poor people in North Sumatra, Indonesia, from 2018 to 2023. Using a panel data model approach and secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), this study employs quantitative methods to identify the relationship between these variables. The analysis results show that IPM has a significant negative impact on the number of poor people, while TPT has a positive but insignificant impact. Together, TPT and IPM contribute 99.77% to the number of poor people in North Sumatra. These findings encourage the government and stakeholders to design policy interventions aimed at increasing labor force participation and the human development index, such as skills training and economic empowerment programs. This study provides an understanding of the dynamics of poverty in North Sumatra and the factors that influence it, and provides policy recommendations to address these issues.