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All Journal Unnes Political Science Journal Journal of Political Issues International Journal of Law and Public Policy (IJLAPP) Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Journal of Terrorism Studies International Review of Humanities Studies Journal Middle East and Islamic Studies Unnes Political Science Journal
Sims, Juan Pablo
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Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Physics Social Sciences Other

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ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA): Implications for Digital Trade and Regional Economic Integration Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Dinh, Linh Dieu; Sims, Juan Pablo; Bettani, Salman Ali
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Vol. 8, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) represents a pivotal initiative in advancing regional digital integration and economic development. This paper explores DEFA's potential impacts on digital trade and regional economic cohesion within ASEAN. By reviewing ASEAN’s official publications and relevant literature, the study evaluates how DEFA aims to address the challenges posed by fragmented digital regulations and infrastructure. The framework's emphasis on harmonizing digital standards and enhancing interoperability is anticipated to facilitate smoother cross-border transactions and reduce regulatory barriers, thereby driving trade and investment in digital services. Economic projections suggest that DEFA could significantly enhance ASEAN’s digital economy, potentially increasing its value from US$300 billion to up to US$2 trillion by 2030. The framework’s focus on addressing current digital trade barriers and fostering innovation positions it as a transformative tool for regional integration. The findings underscore DEFA’s potential to unify digital markets and stimulate economic growth, highlighting its importance for ASEAN's future digital landscape.
Indonesia in BRICS: A Realist Perspective Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Kornphetcharat, Kotchaphop; Sims, Juan Pablo
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Vol. 8, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Indonesia’s 2025 accession to BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) appears at odds with the country’s long-standing bebas-aktif (“free and active”) tradition of non-alignment. This article explains the move through a layered realist approach and a purely theoretical, deductive method. First, the study integrates structural, offensive, and neoclassical realism to clarify four key mechanisms external balancing, hedging, relative gains, and status-seeking. It then maps propositions about what BRICS can offer Indonesia and tests them against existing realist scholarship on middle powers and emerging-power clubs. Analysis shows that BRICS chiefly serves as an external-balancing instrument, reducing Jakarta’s reliance on Western-centric institutions. Although any state can purchase shares in the New Development Bank (NDB), full BRICS membership ensures larger voting power over lending policy, enhancing Indonesia’s leverage while still granting access to faster, less conditional finance. Intra-BRICS technology partnerships and China-led Belt and Road projects promise additional relative gains, reinforcing economic and strategic autonomy. At home, membership boosts symbolic status, validating elite ambitions and a developmental-nationalist narrative. Yet Jakarta’s engagement remains deliberately shallow: it taps BRICS where pay-offs are high and keeps exit options open to avoid over-dependence on any single great power. The findings confirm core realist expectations: middle powers exploit an increasingly diversified institutional landscape to hedge against post-unipolar uncertainty and to bargain for better terms. Influence in today’s system accrues to actors that supply flexible, mutually reinforcing institutional choices rather than rigid blocs.
STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM AS A TOOL FOR PROXY WAR Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Sims, Juan Pablo; Kornphetcharat, Kotchaphop
Journal of Terrorism Studies Vol. 7, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This paper explores the role of state-sponsored terrorism as a tool in proxy wars, examining its effectiveness in achieving short-term geopolitical objectives and its long-term consequences. By analyzing historical and contemporary case studies, such as Iran’s support for Hezbollah and Pakistan’s backing of militant groups in Kashmir, the paper demonstrates how states use financial, military, and intelligence resources to empower non-state actors. The analysis applies realist, constructivist, and asymmetrical warfare theories to understand the motivations behind state sponsorship and the risks involved, including blowback and international sanctions. The paper concludes by assessing the future of state-sponsored terrorism in light of evolving global security dynamics and counter-terrorism measures.
Co-Authors Asihaer, Ayidana Bettani, Salman Ali Dinh, Linh Dieu Komšić, Filip Kornphetcharat, Kotchaphop Lee, Brice Tseen Fu Ouyang, Hanzhen Salman Ali