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All Journal West Science Social and Humanities Studies Ipso Jure Ipso Jure Journal of Strafvordering Indonesian Journal of Adat Recht
Hendri Khuan
Universitas Borobudur
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Public Health Social Sciences

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The Existence of Smart Contracts in Electronic Agreements: A Civil Juridical Review Hendri Khuan; Ach Dlofirul Anam
Ipso Jure Vol. 2 No. 5 (2025): Ipso Jure - June
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/2m5yv134

Abstract

The development of blockchain technology has given birth to smart contracts as a new instrument in electronic agreements that are executed automatically by computer programs based on agreed conditions. The autonomous, transparent, and irreversible characteristics of smart contracts present a challenge to the classical principles of Indonesian civil law, especially Article 1320 of the Civil Code which regulates the conditions for the validity of agreements. The main problem lies in the fulfillment of the elements of free will and agreement, especially when consent is given to a code that is not fully understood by parties without a technological background. Although Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) recognizes electronic documents as legal evidence, there are no explicit provisions governing the validity, legal responsibility, and dispute mechanisms related to smart contracts. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach to examine the existence of smart contracts in the Indonesian legal system. It is necessary to reinterpret and harmonize civil law with technological developments so that smart contracts are not only legally valid, but also fair and provide adequate legal protection. Without regulatory reform, legal certainty and substantive justice in the use  of smart contracts have the potential to be neglected.
The Challenge of National Regulation Reform in Facing Legal Technology Disruption Hendri Khuan
Ipso Jure Vol. 2 No. 5 (2025): Ipso Jure - June
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/fa92p192

Abstract

The development of digital technology has brought significant disruption in the national legal system, giving rise to normative and institutional challenges that have not been fully anticipated by existing regulations. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain-based smart contracts, and electronic court systems (e-courts) have structurally changed the way the law works, but at the same time have raised new issues related to legality, accountability, and procedural justice. Law Number 19 of 2016 as an amendment to the ITE Law and Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection has not been responsive enough in dealing with the ever-growing complexity of digital law. In addition to legal vacancies, multiple interpretations of norms, and regulatory fragmentation, the Indonesian legal system also faces limitations in harmonization with international legal standards such as GDPR, as well as low institutional capacity in implementation. Through a normative juridical approach with the analysis of primary and secondary legal materials, this study highlights the importance of legal reform based on regulatory foresight, legal harmonization, and institutional transformation. Digital legal reform in Indonesia must be anticipatory, adaptive, and interdisciplinary, in order to be able to ensure legal certainty, human rights protection, and the rule of law in the midst of increasingly intensive and disruptive digital globalization
Void in Law: Criminal Regulation Vacuum on the Detrimental Impact of AI Artificial Intelligence Hendri Khuan
Journal of Strafvordering Indonesian Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): JOSI - JULY
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/3rwbxk65

Abstract

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology have brought new challenges in the realm of criminal law, especially related to accountability for autonomous actions that cause legal losses. Indonesia's criminal law system, which is still based on an anthropo-centric paradigm with the conditions of actus reus and mens rea, has not been able to accommodate non-human digital entities such as AI. The absence of explicit criminal norms against AI's detrimental behavior leads to a legal void, where real harm cannot be effectively acted upon. Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law) has not specifically regulated the attribution of errors to AI, developers, and system operators. This study uses normative juridical methods with conceptual and comparative legal approaches to analyze the need for the formation of a new criminal framework for AI. The results of the study show the urgency of reformulating criminal regulations that are risk-based and adaptive to technological developments, as reflected in the EU Artificial Intelligence Act model. It is also necessary to strengthen the concept of indirect criminal liability and the possibility of recognition of electronic legal entities. Without regulatory innovation, Indonesia's criminal justice system risks failing to protect the digital society fairly and effectively. This study recommends the establishment of specific norms that are responsive to the risks of AI technology
Preventive Criminal Regulation on the Risk of Crime by Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia Hendri Khuan
Journal of Strafvordering Indonesian Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): JOSI - JULY
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/wdgr2m54

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has presented new legal challenges, especially in the realm of criminal law in Indonesia. AI systems that are capable of acting autonomously create the potential for digital crime that cannot be reached by conventional criminal law structures that are oriented towards human offenders. The Criminal Code and Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions are still human-centric and have not anticipated crimes mediated by non-human entities. This study uses normative juridical methods to evaluate the normative gaps in criminal regulation against AI-based crimes and offers a risk-based preventive criminal regulation model. This approach emphasizes the importance of a legal system that is adaptive to the design and implementation of AI from the early stages, by adopting the principles of risk-based regulation and precautionary principles. The regulations formulated must not only ensure legal accountability for potential violations, but also uphold ethical and human rights values. The recommendations include the need to redefine legal subjects, strengthen institutional capacity, and establish new laws on AI. Thus, risk-based criminal law reform is a juridical urgency in building a national legal system that is responsive to the threat of autonomous technology in the digital era.
The role of customary law in Environmental Conservation: A Case Study in Dayak Indigenous communities Hendri Khuan; Revi Sesario; Andi Kurniawan
Journal of Adat Recht Vol. 1 No. 5 (2025): JANUARI-JOAR
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/vq7s7j07

Abstract

This research examines the role of Dayak customary law in environmental conservation, focusing on sustainable natural resource management. It explores how practices such as land-use restrictions, sacred forest protection, and conservation rituals contribute to ecosystem preservation. The study also identifies conflicts between customary law and national policies, particularly regarding land tenure and resource exploitation by industries. Using a normative legal approach, the research analyzes Indonesia’s legal framework, including the 1945 Constitution, the Forestry Law, and the Environmental Protection Law. Through case studies in Kalimantan, the study highlights the effectiveness of these practices in conserving the environment. The findings indicate that while customary law plays a crucial role in conservation, its potential is hindered by insufficient recognition and alignment with national laws. The study recommends enhancing the formal recognition of customary law through clearer legal frameworks, improving collaboration with local governments, and providing capacity-building programs for indigenous communities to ensure sustainable resource management.
Co-Authors Ach Dlofirul Anam Achmad Fitrian Andi Kurniawan Arief Fahmi Lubis Harly Clifford Jonas Salmon Herry M Polontoh Loso Judijanto Nugroho Noto Diharjo Nurul Fadhilah Revi Sesario Saptaning Ruju Paminto