Article Per Year (5 Year)
p-Index From 2021 - 2026
0.61
P-Index
This Author published in this journals
All Journal Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Ungu ( Abdi Ke Ungu) Pharmacy Reports Sambulugana
Dirga
Unknown Affiliation
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

Published : 3 Documents Claim Missing Document
Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Found 1 Documents
Search
Journal : Pharmacy Reports

 1 
Out-of-pocket expenditure in Indonesia’s national health insurance: evidence from household survey in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia Akhmad, Atika Dalili; Setyawan, Irfanianta Arif; Dirga
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.107

Abstract

Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (NHI) was established to promote equitable access to healthcare and protect households from financial hardship. However, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments continue to occur, leading in catastrophic health for many families. This study aimed to measure the incidence and identify the determinants of OOP spending among NHI participants in Bandar Lampung. A cross-sectional survey involving 253 NHI members was conducted in 2020 across clinics, public health centers, and pharmacies. Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. OOP spending was reported by 31.62% of respondents. Bivariate analysis indicated that the type of health facility (p = 0.004) and membership status (p = 0.040) significantly influenced OOP expenditure, while age, gender, education, occupation, income, and treatment class were not significant. Multivariate analysis confirmed that visits to clinics (p = 0.018) and membership in Mandiri or PBI groups (both p = 0.039) were associated with a higher likelihood of OOP payments. Despite essential health services being covered under NHI, OOP expenditure remains a considerable financial burden. These findings highlight the need for stronger policy interventions to improve benefit coverage and ensure equitable financial protection under Indonesia’s NHI system.
Co-Authors Abdul Karim, Dewi Damayanti Abid Adinda Salsabila Ahmad Akhmad, Atika Dalili Awil Azmi Bama Tangguh Galih Charisa Nabirawati Sitindaon Dito Aditya Sasongko Farhan Fauzan Kireine Kosma Ramadhani Novrilia Atika Nabila Rahmat Safei, Imam Sarmoko Sarmoko Setyawan, Irfanianta Arif Silvia Damayanti Tria Putriani Umar, Rukhayati Vigo Atsil Nugraha Wenda Reka Pratama