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Retracted: Biochemical Evaluation of Adansonia Digitata Methanolic Leaf and Stem Bark Extract on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Stephe, Ezeonu Chukwuma; Tsuvini, Jonah; Atah, David; Sunday, Gabriel; Samuel, Ishaya; David, Gideon
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 2 No 2 (2024): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v2i2.2774

Several herbal preparations are used to treat diabetes; however, their overall biochemical effects other than hypoglycemic effects are scanty. This study therefore was designed to evaluate the effect of methanolic extract of leaves and stem-bark of Adansonia digitata on biochemical indices of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sixty-three wistar rats were distributed into 9 groups of 7 each. The test animals were intraperitoneally administered with single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and monitored for 72 hours for development of hyperglycemia. Diabetic rats were treated in 12 h cycles for three weeks with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of both leaves and stem-bark of Adansonia digitata methanolic extract and metformin (50 mg/kg). Non-diabetic control rats received a lacebo of distilled water. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 served as diabetic control, while groups 4-9 were diabetic rats treated orally with methanolic leave and stem-bark extracts of Adansonia digitata (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) for 21days. Group 3 animals were diabetic rats treated with anti-diabetic drug (metformin 50 mg/kg). The levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-), Urea and creatinine Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (CHOL), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), White Blood Cell (WBC) count, Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, Haemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), Platelet (PLT), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Lymphocyte (LYM), aspartatate aminotransfrease (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities total, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin(DB) and indirect bilirubin (IB) concentrations were assayed. The results indicated that the concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, creatinine, urea TBARS, ALT, AST, ALB, CHOL and IB bilirubin were significantly (p<0.05) increased, while the levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, PLT, LYM, MCV SOD and CAT were reduced in the diabetic control (p<0.05). The Adansonia digitata methanolic leaves and stem-bark extract significantly increased WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, PLT, MCV, LYM, TP, CAT and SOD activity and reduced the FBS, Na+, K+, Cl-, TBARS, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea and bilirubin concentrations significantly (p<0.05) compared to normal control. However, treatment with metformin showed slight modification in the changes observed compared to Adansonia digitata methanolic leaves and stem-bark extract. MCV and MCHC reduced non-significantly (p>0.05) in the diabetic animals as compared to the normal control and the extract-treated rats, while they increased non- significantly (p>0.05) in the test groups when compared to the diabetic control. Levels of TB, DB, and TG showed non-significant (p<0.05) increase in diabetic control, but treatment with extracts and metformin caused non-significant decrease (p<0.05). Diabetic control exhibited significantly (p<0.05) decreased ALB levels and non-significant TP decrease compared to normal control, while Adansonia digitata extracts and metformin significantly increased ALB and non-significantly increased TP levels compared to diabetic control. The study concluded that Adansonia digitata extracts reversed diabetes-induced oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes, potentially through beta cell regeneration or insulin release stimulation, suggesting their potential for managing diabetic complications.

Retracted: Hepatoprotective Effects of Fractions of Adansonia Digitata Leaves on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4)- Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; John, Umaru Isaac; Agyo, David Ata; Shenia, Zephaniah Hannaniah; Sunday, Gabriel; Tsuvini, Jonah; Gideon, David; Tsojon, Tsojon Zechariah; David, Bando Christopher
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 2 No 2 (2024): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v2i2.2776

Phytochemicals, naturally occurring compounds in plants, offer health benefits to humans. This study aimed to determine the effects of fractions of ethanol extract of Adansonia digitata leaves on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in wistar rats. The extraction was done using absolute ethanol, followed by fractionation with different solvent combination via column chromatography. Elution of extract was done with solvent system by gradually increasing polarity beginning from n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and finally water. In total, 22 fractions were collected in 200 mL beaker each. The fractions were subjected to total antioxidant analysis using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Total phenolics and total flavonoids content were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu. GC-MS, FTIR and HPLC analysis were also carried out. Thirty-six male albino rats were distributed into six groups of six (n = 6). The negative control group received CCl4 only. The standard control group was administered 2 CCl4/kg body weight + 25mg/kg body weight silymarin followed by different doses of ethyl acetate:ethanol fraction-20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg for 21 days. Induction and treatment were carried out in the beginning of a new week. The animals were fasted for 24 hours, sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The administered fraction led to the statistically insignificant (p> 0.05) and statistically significant (p< 0.05) reduction in the levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) respectively, the reduction in the levels of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) were statistically not significant (p> 0.05) in the treated rats as compared to the untreated rats. The phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of antioxidant and phenolics. From the total antioxidant capacity, fraction 6b (ethyl acetate: ethanol) was selected for GC-MS, FTIR and HPLC analysis. The GC-MS analysis of fraction 6b revealed the presence of 14 compounds from which Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate had the highest percentage constituent (48.30%) while while 2-Methyl-Z,Z-3,13-octadecadienol had the lowest relative abundance of 0.14 %. Dichloroacetic acid, tridecyl este, d-Glycero-d-ido-heptose, Phthalic acid, ethyl pentyl ester, Trifluoroacetoxy hexadecane, 2-Hexene, 6-nitro-, 2-Tetradecanol, 3,5-Dimethyl-2-octanol, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 7,11-Hexadecadienal, 9-Octadecenamide, Squalene and E, E-1,9,17-Docasatriene were the other compounds found in the fraction. FTIR spectral analysis of the fraction showed peaks of various functional groups. The HPLC results showed the presence of quercetin in the fraction.

Effect of Heavy Metals and Risk Analysis on Arable Farmlands in Selected Local Government Areas of Southern Taraba State, Nigeria Habibu, Bilyaminu; Olawale, Otitoju; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Umaru, Isaac John; Oko, John Odiba; Ezeonu, Chukuma Stephen; Odufa, Egbeadumah Maryanne
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 2 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.3819

Heavy metals are naturally occurring metallic elements that have a relatively high density compared to water. In most of the continent including Africa, the lack of food quality usually stand to be one of the major problem in which most of the food items are laden with lots of pollutants from heavy metals. Soil is said to be the reservoir of nutrients as well as pollutants. These pollutants have been implicated in causing lots of Health issues on human and Animals. Agricultural soil plays major role in food safety, food scarcity and food security, consumption of contaminated foods has serious implication on Human and Animals health. Heavy metals are potential environmental pollutants which are toxic to the human health. When present in an Arable land, they have the ability to bio-accumulate in the soil then to crops and eventually get to humans through food consumption. This study is able to evaluate the effect of heavy metals and risk analysis of arable farmlands in some selected local government areas of southern Taraba state (Donga, Wukari and Takum). All samples were processed, and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As) concentration were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that Chromium had a high concentration across all the studied areas with values ranging from 1.40 mg/kg to 2.25 mg/kg. However, Cadmium followed with values ranging from 0.04 mg/kg to 0.07 mg/kg and Arsenic with values ranging from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.06 mg/kg while Lead and Mercury had the lowest concentration of less than 0.03 mg/kg across the three LGAs. Ecological Risk Assessments parameters; Target Cancer Risk, Hazard Index (HI) and Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) were determined to assess the non-carcinogenic health risk. Takum recorded the highest levels of HM having the highest health risk followed by Wukari, whereas Donga had the lowest. Consistent use of crops harvested from the sampled location may pose a serious health challenge; bio-accumulation of toxicants in the soil across the studied areas may pose a health risk due to high concentration of heavy metals which are known to generate free radicals that may lead to oxidative stress and other cellular damages in humans.

Antihyperlipidemic and Haematological Effect of Triherbal Formulation on Triton1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats Umaru, Isaac John; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Shaibu, Isaac Eleojo; Yemisi, Adeyanju Kate; Talent, Akoh Miracle; Enyojo, Lawal Favour
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5325

Hyperlipidemia is one of the principal factors underlying the risk for cardiovascular disease. Confirmatory evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies has clearly established the positive correlation. Allopathic antihyperlipidemic drugs are available but the side effects and contraindications. However, this study was designed to determine the haematological and antihyperlipidemic effect of ethanol leaf extract of triherbal formulation (Mucuna pruriens, Phyllantus amarus, Securidaca longipeduculata) in wistar rat as a cheaper and readily available alternative. 46rats were grouped into normal, diseased, standard drug controls and test groups with seven rats each. quantitative phytochemical, haematological and antihyperlipidemic analysis were carried out according to standard methods. Results revealed presence of saponin, alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic with Total phenol exhibiting the highest values haematological results showed improving activities of the formulation on the erythrocytes, heamoglobins, lymphocytes and neutrophiles, this confers good effect on heamatological and immonological parameters especially at higher dose. In antihyperlipidemic activities, triherbal formulation significantly (p≤0.05) decrease the level of TC, TAG, LDL and improve upon HDL in both serum and liver homogenate effects thought to be via inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, absorption modification of lypogenic and lipolitic enzymes. Conclusively, the studies indicated triherbal formulation contain bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities such as immunomodulatory, inflammatory, heamatological and lipid profile regulating activities.

Effect of Heavy Metals and Risk Analysis on Arable Farmlands in Selected Local Government Areas of Southern Taraba State, Nigeria Habibu, Bilyaminu; Olawale, Otitoju; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Umaru, Isaac John; Oko, John Odiba; Ezeonu, Chukuma Stephen; Odufa, Egbeadumah Maryanne
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 2 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.3819

Heavy metals are naturally occurring metallic elements that have a relatively high density compared to water. In most of the continent including Africa, the lack of food quality usually stand to be one of the major problem in which most of the food items are laden with lots of pollutants from heavy metals. Soil is said to be the reservoir of nutrients as well as pollutants. These pollutants have been implicated in causing lots of Health issues on human and Animals. Agricultural soil plays major role in food safety, food scarcity and food security, consumption of contaminated foods has serious implication on Human and Animals health. Heavy metals are potential environmental pollutants which are toxic to the human health. When present in an Arable land, they have the ability to bio-accumulate in the soil then to crops and eventually get to humans through food consumption. This study is able to evaluate the effect of heavy metals and risk analysis of arable farmlands in some selected local government areas of southern Taraba state (Donga, Wukari and Takum). All samples were processed, and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As) concentration were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that Chromium had a high concentration across all the studied areas with values ranging from 1.40 mg/kg to 2.25 mg/kg. However, Cadmium followed with values ranging from 0.04 mg/kg to 0.07 mg/kg and Arsenic with values ranging from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.06 mg/kg while Lead and Mercury had the lowest concentration of less than 0.03 mg/kg across the three LGAs. Ecological Risk Assessments parameters; Target Cancer Risk, Hazard Index (HI) and Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) were determined to assess the non-carcinogenic health risk. Takum recorded the highest levels of HM having the highest health risk followed by Wukari, whereas Donga had the lowest. Consistent use of crops harvested from the sampled location may pose a serious health challenge; bio-accumulation of toxicants in the soil across the studied areas may pose a health risk due to high concentration of heavy metals which are known to generate free radicals that may lead to oxidative stress and other cellular damages in humans.

Antihyperlipidemic and Haematological Effect of Triherbal Formulation on Triton1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats Umaru, Isaac John; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Shaibu, Isaac Eleojo; Yemisi, Adeyanju Kate; Talent, Akoh Miracle; Enyojo, Lawal Favour
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5325

Hyperlipidemia is one of the principal factors underlying the risk for cardiovascular disease. Confirmatory evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies has clearly established the positive correlation. Allopathic antihyperlipidemic drugs are available but the side effects and contraindications. However, this study was designed to determine the haematological and antihyperlipidemic effect of ethanol leaf extract of triherbal formulation (Mucuna pruriens, Phyllantus amarus, Securidaca longipeduculata) in wistar rat as a cheaper and readily available alternative. 46rats were grouped into normal, diseased, standard drug controls and test groups with seven rats each. quantitative phytochemical, haematological and antihyperlipidemic analysis were carried out according to standard methods. Results revealed presence of saponin, alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic with Total phenol exhibiting the highest values haematological results showed improving activities of the formulation on the erythrocytes, heamoglobins, lymphocytes and neutrophiles, this confers good effect on heamatological and immonological parameters especially at higher dose. In antihyperlipidemic activities, triherbal formulation significantly (p≤0.05) decrease the level of TC, TAG, LDL and improve upon HDL in both serum and liver homogenate effects thought to be via inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, absorption modification of lypogenic and lipolitic enzymes. Conclusively, the studies indicated triherbal formulation contain bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities such as immunomodulatory, inflammatory, heamatological and lipid profile regulating activities.

Effects of AlCl3 on the Liver Function of Wistar Rats Treated with Moringa oleifera Seed Extracts Yusufu, Dawoye; Zinas, Simon Teza; Shenia, Zephaniah Hananiah; C, Ugwuoke Kenneth; Umaru, Isaac John; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Grace, Onwubiko N.; Henry, Onwubiko A.; Audu, Anthony Mishara; Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3691

In this study ALT and AST levels of experimental rats were significantly (p<0.05) increased from 11.91 ± 0.20 and 11.83 ± 0.40 to 57.23 ± 0.24 and 59.29 ± 0.50 respectively due to intoxication with aluminum chloride. When rats were treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera at 100 mg/kg the levels of ALT dropped down to 11.62 ± 0.40 and 11.61 ± 0.17 respectively and the AST levels dropped to 11.39 ± 0.25 and 11.42 ± 0.15 respectively. A further increase in the concentrations of both extracts to 400 mg/kg resulted to a significant elevation of ALT 11.93 ± 0.17 (ethanol) and 11.94 ± 0.07 (aqueous) and AST 11.77 ± 0.25 (ethanol) and 11.78 ± 0.15 (aqueous). AST and ALT are common liver enzymes because of their higher concentrations in hepatocytes, but only ALT is remarkably specific for liver function. Therefore, an elevation in serum concentration of ALT is an indication of liver damage. The preliminary phytochemical screening for seed extracts of Moringa oleifera revealed that flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and reducing sugars tannins were present in both the ethanol and aqueous extracts. Saponins and tannins were only found in the aqueous and ethanol extracts respectively. Experiments to observe for lethal conditions or changes in behavior showed no lethality or behavioral change at doses of 10, 100, 1000, 1600 and 2900 mg/kg bw. Weakness and drowsiness was exhibited at a dosage of 5000 mg/kg bw but no death occurred within 24 hrs. of administration.

Effects of AlCl3 on the Enzymatic Antioxidants of Wister Rats Treated with Moringa oleifera Seed Extracts Yusufu, Dawoye; Zinas, Simon Teza; Habibu, Bilyaminu; Amen, Ananias; Umaru, Isaac John; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Grace, Onwubiko N.; Henry, Onwubiko A.; Audu, Anthony Mishara; Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3693

Determination of Malondialdehyde, MDA in blood plasma or tissue homogenates is one of the useful methods to predict the oxidative stress levels. The current study investigates the ameliorative effects of the seed extracts of Moringa oleifera on 35 albino rats induced with AlCl3 toxicity. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (Superoxide Dismutase, SOD; Catalase, CAT; Glutathione Peroxidase, GPx and Malondialdehyde, MDA were assayed. The plant seed extracts were shown to reduce the levels of MDA increased by AlCl3. AlCl3 caused decrease in (glutathione peroxidase) GPx levels as it causes MDA to significantly get elevated. The results showed that GPx decreased from 9.48 ± 0.86 to 6.68 ± 1.73 but upon treatments with 100 mg/kg bw of M. oleifera, GPx levels increased to 8.84 ± 0.86 (ethanol) and 8.96 ± 0.86 (aqueous). Increasing the concentrations of the extracts further increased the GPx levels while MDA were reduced.

Effects of AlCl3 on the Liver Function of Wistar Rats Treated with Moringa oleifera Seed Extracts Yusufu, Dawoye; Zinas, Simon Teza; Shenia, Zephaniah Hananiah; C, Ugwuoke Kenneth; Umaru, Isaac John; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Grace, Onwubiko N.; Henry, Onwubiko A.; Audu, Anthony Mishara; Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3691

In this study ALT and AST levels of experimental rats were significantly (p<0.05) increased from 11.91 ± 0.20 and 11.83 ± 0.40 to 57.23 ± 0.24 and 59.29 ± 0.50 respectively due to intoxication with aluminum chloride. When rats were treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera at 100 mg/kg the levels of ALT dropped down to 11.62 ± 0.40 and 11.61 ± 0.17 respectively and the AST levels dropped to 11.39 ± 0.25 and 11.42 ± 0.15 respectively. A further increase in the concentrations of both extracts to 400 mg/kg resulted to a significant elevation of ALT 11.93 ± 0.17 (ethanol) and 11.94 ± 0.07 (aqueous) and AST 11.77 ± 0.25 (ethanol) and 11.78 ± 0.15 (aqueous). AST and ALT are common liver enzymes because of their higher concentrations in hepatocytes, but only ALT is remarkably specific for liver function. Therefore, an elevation in serum concentration of ALT is an indication of liver damage. The preliminary phytochemical screening for seed extracts of Moringa oleifera revealed that flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and reducing sugars tannins were present in both the ethanol and aqueous extracts. Saponins and tannins were only found in the aqueous and ethanol extracts respectively. Experiments to observe for lethal conditions or changes in behavior showed no lethality or behavioral change at doses of 10, 100, 1000, 1600 and 2900 mg/kg bw. Weakness and drowsiness was exhibited at a dosage of 5000 mg/kg bw but no death occurred within 24 hrs. of administration.

Effects of AlCl3 on the Enzymatic Antioxidants of Wister Rats Treated with Moringa oleifera Seed Extracts Yusufu, Dawoye; Zinas, Simon Teza; Habibu, Bilyaminu; Amen, Ananias; Umaru, Isaac John; Ejeh, Yakubu Ojochenemi; Grace, Onwubiko N.; Henry, Onwubiko A.; Audu, Anthony Mishara; Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3693

Determination of Malondialdehyde, MDA in blood plasma or tissue homogenates is one of the useful methods to predict the oxidative stress levels. The current study investigates the ameliorative effects of the seed extracts of Moringa oleifera on 35 albino rats induced with AlCl3 toxicity. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (Superoxide Dismutase, SOD; Catalase, CAT; Glutathione Peroxidase, GPx and Malondialdehyde, MDA were assayed. The plant seed extracts were shown to reduce the levels of MDA increased by AlCl3. AlCl3 caused decrease in (glutathione peroxidase) GPx levels as it causes MDA to significantly get elevated. The results showed that GPx decreased from 9.48 ± 0.86 to 6.68 ± 1.73 but upon treatments with 100 mg/kg bw of M. oleifera, GPx levels increased to 8.84 ± 0.86 (ethanol) and 8.96 ± 0.86 (aqueous). Increasing the concentrations of the extracts further increased the GPx levels while MDA were reduced.

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