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ICCPR and the Future of Political Rights: A Critical Analysis of Existing International Legal Norms Farisi, Mochammad; Ardiana, Hanny Sukma; Bahren, Bahren; Harahap, Rahayu Repindowaty
Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law Vol 6 No 2 (2025): Juni
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/up.v6i2.43388

Abstract

Background: This article examines the normative gap within the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) concerning the regulation of internal democracy within political parties. While Article 25 guarantees the procedural right to vote and to be elected, it does not sufficiently address substantive democratic deficits such as oligarchic practices, vote buying, and the absence of internal party accountability. Methodology: The analysis is grounded in normative legal research, relying on doctrinal interpretation of international human rights instruments, particularly the ICCPR, and exploring the horizontal application of human rights and the state's due diligence obligations with respect to political parties. Objectives: The primary objective is to argue that political parties, as pivotal actors in democratic systems, should be subject to human rights standards, especially regarding integrity, participation, and non-discrimination, and to identify legal mechanisms that could strengthen internal party democracy under international law. Findings: The study finds that existing international legal instruments inadequately regulate the internal functioning of political parties, allowing undemocratic practices that undermine the substantive realization of political rights. It also identifies that the state's positive obligations can justify regulatory oversight of political party governance. Originality/Novelty: This article advances three normative proposals to fill the regulatory void: the drafting of a new General Comment to Article 25 of the ICCPR, the adoption of an Optional Protocol to impose binding obligations, and the creation of UN Guiding Principles as soft law. These proposals collectively offer a novel framework for reconstructing political rights substantively and reinforcing democratic legitimacy through international law.
Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Peningkatan Kompetensi Agen Perjalanan Haji-Umroh di Jawa Timur melalui Sertifikasi Profesi Pramuwisata dan Pemimpin Perjalanan Indriani, Masitoh; Hastuti, Lina; Kurniasari, Nilam Andalia; Satriawan, Arnezul Achmad; Syawal, Muhammad Akmal; Ardiana, Hanny Sukma
Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Indonesia Vol 5 No 5 (2025): JAMSI - September 2025
Publisher : CV Firmos

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54082/jamsi.2065

Abstract

Kebutuhan akan agen perjalanan, pramuwisata, dan pemimpin perjalanan yang kompeten dan bersertifikasi semakin meningkat seiring dengan tingginya mobilitas masyarakat Indonesia ke luar negeri serta berkembangnya industri pariwisata nasional. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi para agen perjalanan, khususnya agen perjalanan haji dan umroh, melalui sosialisasi mengenai hak dan kewajiban Warga Negara Indonesia (WNI) di luar negeri sebagai bagian dari strategi menuju sertifikasi Badan Nasional Sertifikasi Profesi (BNSP). Kegiatan ini melibatkan 24 peserta yang berasal dari berbagai biro perjalanan di wilayah Jawa Timur, dengan mitra utama PT. Massa Makmor World Tour & Travel Surabaya. Metode yang digunakan meliputi edukasi interaktif, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), serta penyebaran kuesioner berupa pre-test dan post-test untuk mengukur pemahaman peserta. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam pengetahuan peserta terkait aspek hukum dan etika pelayanan perjalanan, serta meningkatnya kesadaran terhadap pentingnya sertifikasi profesi. Evaluasi menunjukkan peningkatan kesiapan mitra untuk mengikuti proses sertifikasi BNSP secara mandiri. Kegiatan ini mendukung peningkatan profesionalisme tenaga kerja sektor pariwisata, tetapi juga berkontribusi pada pencapaian tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan melalui penyediaan akses terhadap pekerjaan yang layak dan bermartabat.