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All Journal Jurnal Biologi Tropis Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai
Praditna, Lalu M. Ardi
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER : DARI DEFINISI HINGGA PROGNOSIS – LITERATUR REVIEW Praditna, Lalu M. Ardi; Maulidiva, Syarifah Zahwa; Setyadi, Muhammad Rofi Wahyu; Elizar, Lale Justin Amelinda
Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai Vol. 6 No. 3 (2025): SEPTEMBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jkt.v6i3.50044

Abstract

Gangguan kecemasan sosial atau Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) merupakan salah satu bentuk gangguan kecemasan dengan prevalensi global berkisar antara 8–31% dan berdampak signifikan pada fungsi akademik, sosial, serta kualitas hidup. Akan tetapi, meskipun prevalensinya tinggi dan berdampak luas, SAD seringkali tidak terdiagnosis sehingga diperlukan tinjauan komprehensif mengenai aspek klinis dari SAD. Penelitian ini bertujuan meninjau aspek definisi, epidemiologi, etiologi, patogenesis, diagnosis, penatalaksanaan, serta komplikasi dari SAD. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah tinjauan naratif berbasis literatur dengan menelaah artikel internasional dan nasional yang relevan dari database PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar dalam kurun 2015–2025. Variabel yang ditinjau mencakup prevalensi, faktor risiko, manifestasi klinis, serta strategi tatalaksana. Data dikumpulkan melalui pencarian sistematis menggunakan kata kunci “social anxiety disorder”, “prevalence”, “neurobiology”, dan “treatment”, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk mengidentifikasi tren epidemiologi, patogenesis, serta pendekatan terapi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa SAD melibatkan interaksi faktor neurobiologis, genetik, lingkungan, dan temperamen. Aktivasi abnormal amigdala serta disregulasi sumbu hipotalamus-pituitari-adrenal berperan penting dalam patogenesis. Intervensi utama mencakup terapi perilaku kognitif (CBT), terapi paparan, serta farmakoterapi dengan SSRI atau SNRI. Prognosis bervariasi, namun deteksi dini dan terapi berkelanjutan terbukti meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: Diagnosis and Management in Emergency Condition – A Literature Review Wongso Prawiro, Aurellia; Rofilah, Alita Khainur; Putri, Imey Pinasty Harianto; Praditna, Lalu M. Ardi; Hasanah, Mielosita; Husodo, Dewi Puspitorini
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.11083

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) commonly occurs in type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency, whereas HHS typically develops in type 2 diabetes with relative insulin deficiency. These distinct mechanisms result in different clinical and laboratory profiles. This review aims to compare the pathogenesis, clinical features, and current management of DKA and HHS. This study employed a narrative literature review design. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the keywords “diabetic ketoacidosis,” “hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state,” “diabetes mellitus,” and “complications,” covering publications from 2015 to 2025. A descriptive analysis was performed to highlight epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and emergency management principles. The review indicates that DKA is more frequent and associated with lower mortality when promptly recognized and treated. In contrast, HHS is less common but carries a higher mortality rate, mainly due to severe dehydration, insidious onset, and delayed diagnosis. Management principles for both conditions are similar, including fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, electrolyte correction, and treatment of precipitating factors. A comprehensive understanding of the differences between DKA and HHS is essential to support early diagnosis, guide appropriate treatment, and reduce mortality.
Co-Authors Elizar, Lale Justin Amelinda Hasanah, Mielosita Husodo, Dewi Puspitorini Maulidiva, Syarifah Zahwa Putri, Imey Pinasty Harianto Rofilah, Alita Khainur Setyadi, Muhammad Rofi Wahyu Wongso Prawiro, Aurellia