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Lee, Kyung Hoon
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Public Health

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Inositol Hexakisphosphate (InsP₆) Induces Apoptosis via Caspase-Dependent Pathways: Molecular Docking Insights Sandra, Ferry; Ranggaini, Dewi; Halim, Johni; Pakpahan, Alfred; Pratitis, Visi Endah; Lee, Kyung Hoon
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 5 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i5.3810

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP₆) exhibits anticancer activity, especially by inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. However, there is still no molecular docking evidence that directly examines InsP₆ interactions with either upstream or downstream apoptotic regulators. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the molecular docking of InsP₆ to caspases as upstream/downstream apoptotic regulators.METHODS: Ligands including InsP₆, InsP₅, InsP₄, histone deacetylase inhibitor, and caspase inhibitors were retrieved from PubChem, while target proteins (histone, caspase-8, caspase-2, and caspase-3) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank. Ligand toxicity was predicted using ProTox-3.0, and physicochemical properties were analyzed with SwissADME. Ligand structures were energy-minimized using PyRx with the Universal Force Field, while proteins were prepared by removing water molecules and non-essential heteroatoms in BIOVIA Discovery Studio. Molecular docking was conducted using CB-Dock 2.0, with binding poses selected based on the lowest Vina score, and ligand–protein interactions were visualized in Discovery Studio.RESULTS: Molecular docking results showed that InsP₆ bound strongly to histone, caspase-8, caspase-2, and caspase-3 with affinities comparable to reference inhibitors, forming multiple hydrogen bonds with key active-site residues. InsP₆, InsP₅, and InsP₄ exhibited several similar binding sites to caspase-3, with only minor differences in binding affinity.CONCLUSION: InsP₆ shows strong binding to histone, caspase-8, caspase-2, and caspase-3 based on in silico results, supporting its role in inducing both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Taken together, InsP₆ could be a potential inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells.KEYWORDS: cancer, apoptosis, InsP₆, InsP₅, InsP₄, caspase, in silico, molecular docking
Elephantopus scaber Linn. Leaf Extract Sensitizes Doxorubicin in Inducing Apoptosis in HSC-3 Tongue Cancer Cells through Inhibiting Survivin Activity at Thr34 Sandra, Ferry; Hayuningtyas, Ria Aryani; Ranggaini, Dewi; Pang, Tiffany; Scania, Alifah Evi; Lee, Kyung Hoon
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 16, No 4 (2024)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v16i4.3096

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated the effect of Elephantopus scaber Linn. leaf extract (ESLE) on various cancer cell lines. However, research on the effects of ESLE on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), especially tongue cancer, is still lacking. Moreover, the apoptotic mechanisms induced by ESLE are not well understood and require further exploration. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of ESLE on cell viability and apoptosis in human squamous cell carcinoma (HSC)-3 tongue cancer cells.METHODS: HSC-3 cells were treated with varying concentrations of ESLE, doxorubicin, and a combination of both. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using MTT and Sub-G1 assays. The expression levels of survivin and its phosphorylated form at threonine (Thr)34 were evaluated using Western blot analysis.RESULTS: ESLE exhibited a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on HSC-3 cells in decreasing cell viability (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.001) and increasing apoptotic cells (ANOVA, p=0.001) significantly. When combined with doxorubicin, ESLE further enhanced the induction of apoptosis compared with doxorubicin alone. The combined treatment resulted in a decrease in the levels of phosphorylated survivin (p-Surv) Thr34, indicating the inhibition of survivin's anti-apoptotic function.CONCLUSION: ESLE significantly enhances the efficacy of doxorubicin, thereby sensitizing its ability to induce apoptosis in HSC-3 tongue cancer cells. This sensitization occurs through the inhibition of survivin activity, particularly at the Thr34 phosphorylation site. These findings suggest that ESLE could serve as a potential adjuvant to improve the effectiveness of doxorubicin in inducing apoptosis in tongue cancer cells.KEYWORDS: Elephantopus scaber, doxorubicin, tongue cancer, HSC-3 cells, apoptosis, Survivin, Thr34 phosphorylation
Cosmos caudatus Leaf Extract Triggers Apoptosis of HSC-3 Cancer Cells by Decreasing Bcl-2 and Increasing Bax Sandra, Ferry; Rizal, Muhammad Ihsan; Dhaniar, Afifah Yumna; Scania, Alifah Evi; Lee, Kyung Hoon
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 16, No 3 (2024)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v16i3.3137

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that Cosmos caudatus leaf extract (CCLE) exhibits cytotoxic effects against various types of human cancer. However, the CCLE cytotoxic effect towards oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells has not been investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CCLE towards the viability and apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma (HSC)-3 cells.METHODS: HSC-3 cells were treated with various concentrations of CCLE for 24 h. The number of viable HSC-3 cells were measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), meanwhile the apoptotic HSC-3 cells were measured using sub-G1 assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using flow cytometry. Bcl-2 and Bax protein content of HSC-3 cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: CCLE treatment could decrease the number of HSC-3 viable cells and increase the percentage of HSC-3 apoptotic cells in concentration-dependent manner. In mitochondrial membrane potential assay, CCLE-treated group displayed a peak shifment from 104 to 103. Bcl-2 protein contents of CCLE-treated group were decrease in concentration-dependent manner, meanwhile Bax protein contents of CCLE-treated group were increase in concentration-dependent manner.CONCLUSION: CCLE could trigger apoptosis in HSC-3 cells by decreasing Bcl-2 protein content and increasing Bax protein content in concentration-dependent manner, leading to intrinsic apoptotic pathway.KEYWORDS: Cosmos caudatus, HSC-3, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, Bcl-2, Bax
Stenochlaena palustris Ethanol Extract Decreases Viability and Induces G1-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in HSC-3 Tongue Cancer Cells via p21 and p27 Sandra, Ferry; Ranggaini, Dewi; Halim, Johni; Taramalinda, Elizabeth Yuliani; Scania, Alifah Evi; Roeslan, Boedi Oetomo; Lee, Kyung Hoon
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 16, No 5 (2024)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v16i5.3308

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the tongue is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis due to its resistance to standard treatments. Stenochlaena palustris, a medicinal fern containing bioactive compounds, has shown potential anticancer properties. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the effects of S. palustris ethanol extract (SPEE) on tongue cancer. This study examined the effects of SPEE on the cell viability and cell cycle of human squamous cell carcinoma (HSC)-3 tongue cancer cells.METHODS: SPEE was prepared with the maceration method. HSC-3 cells were treated with SPEE at concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL for 24 and 48 hours. Cell viability was measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometer. Immunoblotting was used to measure amount of cell cycle regulators, protein 21 (p21) and protein 27 (p27).RESULTS: SPEE treatment led to a significant decrease in HSC-3 viable cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with the most pronounced effect at higher concentration and prolonged treatment time. There was a slightly increase in the percentage of cells in the Sub-G1 phase in SPEE-treated group, meanwhile there was a significant increase in the percentage of cells in the G1-phase. Increased amount of p21 and p27 were observed in SPEE-treated group.CONCLUSION: SPEE significantly inhibited HSC-3 cell proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, primarily by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the upregulation of p21 and p27. Taken together, SPEE could be a potential anti-cancer agent for tongue cancer cell. KEYWORDS: Stenochlaena palustris, tongue cancer, cytotoxic, cell cycle arrest, HSC-3 cells, p21, p27
Co-Authors Alfred Pakpahan, Alfred Boedi Oetomo Roeslan, Boedi Oetomo Dhaniar, Afifah Yumna Ferry Sandra Halim, Johni Hayuningtyas, Ria Aryani Muhammad Ihsan Rizal, Muhammad Ihsan Pang, Tiffany Pratitis, Visi Endah Ranggaini, Dewi Scania, Alifah Evi Taramalinda, Elizabeth Yuliani