Ilham Nur Utomo
Universitas Diponegoro

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Between Modernization and Marginalization: A Historical Analysis of Colonial Health Policies in Semarang and Their Postcolonial Legacy Endah Sri Hartatik; Wasino; Vivek Neelakantan; Sukarni Suryaningsih; Ken Widyawati; Ilham Nur Utomo; Fortuna Devi Putri Sina
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol. 35 No. 2 (2025): Military History
Publisher : istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.14513

Abstract

Abstract:  This article examines the population health policies implemented in Semarang City, Indonesia, in the aftermath of the Dutch colonial Ethical Policy (1901). Employing a social determinant of health framework grounded in a decolonial perspective, the study explores how colonial era policies continue to shape contemporary health practices and reinforce structural health inequalities. Drawing on historical methods and analysis of primary and secondary sources from national archives, libraries, and documentation centers, the research finds that the Ethical Policy—despite its humanitarian rhetoric of "repaying a debt of honor"—primarily served to sustain labor productivity for colonial economic interests. Health interventions such as the control of cholera outbreaks, the development of sanitation infrastructure, and hospital construction in Semarang were disproportionately directed toward protecting European residents and maintaining urban spatial segregation. These colonial legacies are still evident today in unequal access to healthcare, the geographic clustering of diseases, and the continued marginalization of local health knowledge systems. The article underscores the importance of applying approaches rooted in decolonization to the study of health systems in postcolonial contexts and calls for the development of more inclusive, historically grounded, and socially just health policies in Indonesia. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji kebijakan kesehatan penduduk yang diterapkan di Kota Semarang, Indonesia, setelah diberlakukannya Politik Etis Belanda (1901). Dengan menggunakan kerangka social determinants of health dari perspektif dekolonial, penelitian ini menelusuri bagaimana kebijakan era kolonial terus membentuk praktik kesehatan kontemporer dan memperkuat ketidaksetaraan struktural di bidang kesehatan. Berdasarkan metode sejarah serta analisis sumber primer dan sekunder dari arsip nasional, perpustakaan, dan pusat dokumentasi, penelitian menemukan bahwa Politik Etis—meskipun mengusung retorika kemanusiaan “membayar hutang budi”—pada dasarnya ditujukan untuk mempertahankan produktivitas tenaga kerja demi kepentingan ekonomi kolonial. Intervensi kesehatan seperti pengendalian wabah kolera, pembangunan infrastruktur sanitasi, dan pendirian rumah sakit di Semarang lebih banyak diarahkan untuk melindungi penduduk Eropa dan menjaga segregasi spasial perkotaan. Warisan kolonial ini masih terlihat hingga kini dalam ketidakmerataan akses layanan kesehatan, pengelompokan geografis penyakit, serta marginalisasi sistem pengetahuan kesehatan lokal. Artikel ini menekankan pentingnya pendekatan dekolonisasi dalam kajian sistem kesehatan di konteks pascakolonial dan menyerukan pengembangan kebijakan kesehatan yang lebih inklusif, berlandaskan sejarah, dan berkeadilan sosial di Indonesia.
Malaria Control and Medical Services in Cilacap Under Dutch Colonial Rule In the Early 20th Century Ilham Nur Utomo; Fauzan Syahru Ramadhan; Khairana Zata Nugroho; Desi Susanti
PURBAWIDYA Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): Vol. 15(1) Juni 2026
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/purbawidya.2026.15821

Abstract

This study examines health problems and healthcare services in Cilacap Regency in relation to malaria outbreaks during the Dutch colonial period in the early 20th century. Cilacap was known as the largest port in southern Java yet faced numerous complex health problems. This study employs the historical method, which is categorized into four stages: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. In analyzing the research problems, biopower theory is used, which positions the role of the Dutch colonial government in controlling biological aspects and public health. The findings of this study indicate that the health of Cilacap Regency’s population was under threat from diseases, particularly malaria. Inadequate environmental conditions were one of the main factors in the spread of malaria. Furthermore, efforts to eradicate malaria through healthcare services remained limited. The Dutch colonial government’s health interventions were solely aimed at serving their economic interests. This made Cilacap Regency one of the areas with the lowest quality of public health despite the implementation of the Dutch Ethical Policy and economic activities at Cilacap Port.