Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Between Modernization and Marginalization: A Historical Analysis of Colonial Health Policies in Semarang and Their Postcolonial Legacy Endah Sri Hartatik; Wasino; Vivek Neelakantan; Sukarni Suryaningsih; Ken Widyawati; Ilham Nur Utomo; Fortuna Devi Putri Sina
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol. 35 No. 2 (2025): Military History
Publisher : istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.14513

Abstract: This article examines the population health policies implemented in Semarang City, Indonesia, in the aftermath of the Dutch colonial Ethical Policy (1901). Employing a social determinant of health framework grounded in a decolonial perspective, the study explores how colonial era policies continue to shape contemporary health practices and reinforce structural health inequalities. Drawing on historical methods and analysis of primary and secondary sources from national archives, libraries, and documentation centers, the research finds that the Ethical Policy—despite its humanitarian rhetoric of "repaying a debt of honor"—primarily served to sustain labor productivity for colonial economic interests. Health interventions such as the control of cholera outbreaks, the development of sanitation infrastructure, and hospital construction in Semarang were disproportionately directed toward protecting European residents and maintaining urban spatial segregation. These colonial legacies are still evident today in unequal access to healthcare, the geographic clustering of diseases, and the continued marginalization of local health knowledge systems. The article underscores the importance of applying approaches rooted in decolonization to the study of health systems in postcolonial contexts and calls for the development of more inclusive, historically grounded, and socially just health policies in Indonesia. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji kebijakan kesehatan penduduk yang diterapkan di Kota Semarang, Indonesia, setelah diberlakukannya Politik Etis Belanda (1901). Dengan menggunakan kerangka social determinants of health dari perspektif dekolonial, penelitian ini menelusuri bagaimana kebijakan era kolonial terus membentuk praktik kesehatan kontemporer dan memperkuat ketidaksetaraan struktural di bidang kesehatan. Berdasarkan metode sejarah serta analisis sumber primer dan sekunder dari arsip nasional, perpustakaan, dan pusat dokumentasi, penelitian menemukan bahwa Politik Etis—meskipun mengusung retorika kemanusiaan “membayar hutang budi”—pada dasarnya ditujukan untuk mempertahankan produktivitas tenaga kerja demi kepentingan ekonomi kolonial. Intervensi kesehatan seperti pengendalian wabah kolera, pembangunan infrastruktur sanitasi, dan pendirian rumah sakit di Semarang lebih banyak diarahkan untuk melindungi penduduk Eropa dan menjaga segregasi spasial perkotaan. Warisan kolonial ini masih terlihat hingga kini dalam ketidakmerataan akses layanan kesehatan, pengelompokan geografis penyakit, serta marginalisasi sistem pengetahuan kesehatan lokal. Artikel ini menekankan pentingnya pendekatan dekolonisasi dalam kajian sistem kesehatan di konteks pascakolonial dan menyerukan pengembangan kebijakan kesehatan yang lebih inklusif, berlandaskan sejarah, dan berkeadilan sosial di Indonesia.

Study of Corporal Punishment in Schools in Indonesia, 1966-2014 Nasution Nasution; Sugeng Harianto; Esa Putra Bayu Gusti Gineung Patridina; Izzatul Fajriyah; FX Sri Sadewo; Wasino; Arifeen Yama
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol. 35 No. 1 (2025): History of Education
Publisher : istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v35i1.16118

Abstract: This study investigates the practice of corporal punishment in Indonesian schools across three major political periods—Sukarno, the New Order, and the Reform era—before implementing the Child-Friendly School Policy in 2014. Employing a historical method within a case study framework, this research draws on in-depth interviews with six purposively selected individuals who experienced corporal punishment during their school years. Findings reveal that corporal punishment was normalized in earlier eras to instill obedience and maintain classroom order. During the Sukarno and New Order periods, such punishment—ranging from beatings with rattan sticks and rulers to forced labor and public humiliation—was harsh and widespread. In contrast, the Reform era marked a gradual shift toward less severe and more symbolic punitive practices, reflecting the growing influence of child rights discourses. The introduction of the Child-Friendly School Policy in 2014 served as a pivotal policy intervention, significantly reducing the prevalence and severity of corporal punishment. Nonetheless, residual practices persist, indicating a gap between regulatory frameworks and actual implementation at the school level. This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive pedagogical reform and targeted teacher training to eradicate corporal punishment and foster child-centered, non-violent educational environments. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji praktik hukuman fisik di sekolah-sekolah Indonesia pada tiga era politik yang berbeda—Era Sukarno, Orde Baru, dan Reformasi—sebelum diterapkannya Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak pada tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan desain studi kasus, serta melibatkan enam informan yang secara purposif dipilih karena memiliki pengalaman menerima hukuman fisik selama masa sekolah. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa hukuman fisik diterima secara luas dan dianggap normal pada era sebelumnya sebagai upaya pendisiplinan untuk menanamkan kepatuhan dan ketertiban. Pada masa Sukarno dan Orde Baru, praktik hukuman fisik seperti pukulan dengan rotan atau penggaris, kerja fisik paksa, dan penghukuman yang bersifat mempermalukan sangat lazim dan cenderung keras. Sebaliknya, pada era Reformasi terjadi pergeseran menuju bentuk hukuman yang lebih simbolik dan tidak terlalu berat, seiring dengan meningkatnya pengaruh wacana hak anak. Penerapan Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak menjadi titik balik penting dalam mengurangi frekuensi dan intensitas praktik ini. Namun demikian, beberapa bentuk hukuman fisik tetap bertahan, yang menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara kebijakan dan praktik di lapangan. Studi ini menekankan perlunya reformasi pedagogis yang menyeluruh serta pelatihan guru untuk menghapuskan hukuman fisik dan mendorong terciptanya lingkungan pendidikan yang berpusat pada anak dan bebas dari kekerasan.

Kazakh Ethnogenesis and The Formation of Turkic Identity in Central Asia: A Historical and Cultural Analysis Arifeen Yama; Wasino
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol. 35 No. 2 (2025): Military History
Publisher : istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.24979

Abstract: As a representative ethnos of the broader Turkic world in Central Asia, this study examines the historical development and modern identity of the Kazakh people. Tracing a trajectory from early Turkic empires and steppe nomadic traditions to the consolidation of the Kazakh Khanate and Soviet-era transformations, the research highlights the interplay of tribal genealogies, linguistic continuities, and Islamic influences particularly Sufi ethics in shaping Kazakh ethnogenesis. Drawing on historical texts, oral epics, and contemporary cultural practices, the paper positions Kazakhstan as both a historical heartland and a contemporary standard-bearer of Turkic civilisation. In the post-Soviet period, Kazakhstan has actively revitalized its Turkic and Islamic heritage through cultural diplomacy, digital platforms, and multilateral engagement with Turkic-speaking nations. The Kazakh identity, situated at the intersection of Kipchak ancestry, Sufi-Islamic tradition, and Eurasian geopolitics, demonstrates a dynamic continuity of Turkic civilisational identity through cultural memory, symbolic adaptation, and strategic reinvention. These findings not only deepen scholarly understanding of ethnogenesis and identity construction in Central Asia, but also underscore Kazakhstan’s evolving role in cultural diplomacy, heritage preservation, and regional nation-branding. Methodologically, this study demonstrates the value of integrating oral historiography with cultural diplomacy analysis in post-Soviet identity studies. The findings contribute to broader debates on post-Soviet nation-building, soft power strategy, and symbolic politics across the Turkic world. Abstrak: Sebagai etnis representatif dari dunia Turki yang lebih luas di Asia Tengah, studi ini menelaah perkembangan sejarah dan identitas modern bangsa Kazakh. Dengan menelusuri jalur dari kekaisaran awal Turki dan tradisi nomaden stepa hingga konsolidasi Kekhanan Kazakh dan transformasi era Soviet, penelitian ini menyoroti interaksi silsilah kesukuan, kesinambungan linguistik, dan pengaruh Islam—khususnya etika sufistik—dalam membentuk etnogenesis Kazakh. Berdasarkan teks sejarah, epos lisan, dan praktik budaya kontemporer, tulisan ini memposisikan Kazakhstan sebagai tanah air historis sekaligus pembawa standar peradaban Turki di era modern. Pada periode pasca-Soviet, Kazakhstan secara aktif merevitalisasi warisan Turki dan Islam melalui diplomasi budaya, platform digital, dan keterlibatan multilateral dengan negara-negara berbahasa Turki. Identitas Kazakh, yang berada di persimpangan antara leluhur Kipchak, tradisi Sufi-Islam, dan geopolitik Eurasia, memperlihatkan kesinambungan dinamis identitas peradaban Turki melalui memori budaya, adaptasi simbolik, dan reinvensi strategis. Temuan ini tidak hanya memperdalam pemahaman akademis tentang etnogenesis dan konstruksi identitas di Asia Tengah, tetapi juga menegaskan peran Kazakhstan yang terus berkembang dalam diplomasi budaya, pelestarian warisan, dan nation-branding regional. Secara metodologis, studi ini menunjukkan nilai integrasi historiografi lisan dengan analisis diplomasi budaya dalam kajian identitas pasca-Soviet. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada perdebatan lebih luas tentang pembangunan bangsa pasca-Soviet, strategi soft power, dan politik simbolik di dunia Turki.

Correspondence Between the Johor Palace and Arab Merchants: A Historical Documentation Study in the 19th Century Mohd Sohaimi Esa; Abang Mohd Razif Abang Muis; Wasino; Jalani Hamdan; Mohamad Shaukhi Mohd Radzi
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol. 35 No. 2 (2025): Military History
Publisher : istory Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia (Indonesian Historical Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v35i2.26097

Abstract: Before the arrival of British colonial influence, Johor had developed close economic relations with Arab merchants who were active in sectors such as mining and agriculture. This article examines a series of royal correspondences (warkah) exchanged between the Johor royal court and Arab merchants, which serve as primary evidence of institutional trust and support in economic collaboration. Using the historical documentation method, the study explores both the textual content and the broader historical significance of these letters in the context of Johor’s economic expansion during the 19th century. Primary sources from archival records are analysed alongside secondary literature comprising scholarly works and previous studies. The findings highlight Johor’s open-door economic policy and the diplomatic role of the royal institution in fostering foreign investment, particularly from Arab entrepreneurs. By foregrounding royal correspondence as economic evidence, this study demonstrates how documentary heritage can revise prevailing colonial-era narratives that privilege a single entrepreneurial community, thus advancing Southeast Asian historiography on plural economic agency. It also underscores the policy relevance of archival preservation and digitisation, showing how improved access to warkah enables cross-disciplinary analysis of state-merchant relations and supports sustainable heritage governance. Abstrak: Sebelum datangnya pengaruh kolonial Inggris, Johor telah mengembangkan hubungan ekonomi yang erat dengan para pedagang Arab yang aktif di sektor-sektor seperti pertambangan dan pertanian. Artikel ini menelaah serangkaian korespondensi kerajaan (warkah) yang dipertukarkan antara istana kerajaan Johor dan pedagang Arab, yang menjadi bukti utama adanya kepercayaan institusional dan dukungan dalam kerja sama ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi sejarah, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi baik isi teks maupun signifikansi historis yang lebih luas dari surat-surat tersebut dalam konteks ekspansi ekonomi Johor pada abad ke-19. Sumber primer dari catatan arsip dianalisis bersama dengan literatur sekunder yang mencakup karya ilmiah dan penelitian sebelumnya. Temuan menunjukkan kebijakan ekonomi pintu terbuka Johor serta peran diplomatik lembaga kerajaan dalam mendorong investasi asing, khususnya dari pengusaha Arab. Dengan menempatkan korespondensi kerajaan sebagai bukti ekonomi, penelitian ini menunjukkan bagaimana warisan dokumenter dapat merevisi narasi era kolonial yang cenderung memusatkan perhatian pada satu komunitas wirausahawan saja, sehingga memperkaya historiografi Asia Tenggara tentang agensi ekonomi yang bersifat plural. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menekankan relevansi kebijakan dalam pelestarian dan digitalisasi arsip, dengan menunjukkan bagaimana peningkatan akses terhadap warkah memungkinkan analisis lintas disiplin tentang hubungan negara-pedagang serta mendukung tata kelola warisan yang berkelanjutan.

Development of a Critical Thinking Skills Assessment Instrument on Dynamic Electricity for High School Students Suratni Agustinih; Wasino; Agus Yuwono
Physics Communication Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/pc.v9i2.30530

The development of critical thinking skills is a curriculum mandate in Indonesia to prepare students for global challenges, yet existing assessments often fail to effectively measure these higher-order competencies. This study aims to analyze the developmental needs, characteristics, feasibility of an assessment instrument, and the effectiveness of its use in evaluating the critical thinking skills (CTS) of high school students on the topic of dynamic electricity. This is a research and development (R&D) study that employs the Four-D Model (define, design, develop, disseminate), as developed by Thiagarajan. The sample consisted of 30 students for a small-scale trial and 150 students for a large-scale trial. Data were collected through interviews, tests, questionnaires, and documentation. The data obtained from these methods were then analyzed using the Rasch Model to evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument. The instrument was characterized by high-cognitive-level multiple-choice questions administered via the Google Forms platform integrated with AutoProctor. The research findings revealed the need to develop a critical thinking skills assessment instrument that meets the requirements of teachers, students, and conceptual frameworks. The instrument's validity was established through two methods. First, an expert validation process yielded an average Aiken's V coefficient of 0.93. Second, data from empirical trials analyzed with the Rasch Model showed that all items met the ZSTD fit criteria for validity (-2.0 < ZSTD < +2.0). Item reliability was 0.74 and 0.92, with Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.84 and 0.87 (reliable). The item difficulty level was evenly distributed, the item discrimination index was 3.44 (good), and the instrument was free from bias. The average score across the 6 CTS indicators was 79.82, indicating that the assessment instrument for critical thinking skills on dynamic electricity is both feasible and effective for use.

Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Core Value: Studi Fenomenologi Budaya Sekolah di SD Nasima Lulu’ Arifatun Munasiroh; Wasino; Tri Astuti; Arghita Aricindy
Jurnal Ilmiah Literasi Indonesia Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): JULI-DESEMBER
Publisher : Indo Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63822/5gnzcv54

This study explores the implementation of character education based on core values as the foundation for school culture development at SD Nasima Semarang. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving principals, teachers, students, and parents. The implementation of the school’s core values—strong integrity, readiness to take responsibility, empathy, confidence in striving for the best, and communicative courtesy—has been systematically internalized through daily routines, teacher role modeling, and school regulations to cultivate a culture characterized by moral integrity, religious values, and global competitiveness. Effective school management supported by collaborative leadership and parental engagement sustains this culture, while continuous character reinforcement programs address challenges such as inconsistent teacher modeling and digital influence. The study concludes that SD Nasima has developed a living value system that harmonizes Islamic spirituality, Pancasila values, and global citizenship competencies, offering a replicable model for elementary schools in Indonesia

Title

Found 6 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 6 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 6 Documents
Search