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MILK QUALITY OF ETAWA BREEDING GOATS SEEN FROM CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST, ALCOHOL TEST, REDUCTASE TEST, AND BOILING TEST IN RAKA ETAWA FARMING Maria Ursulin Tasya Ndoy; I Wayan Suardana; Romy Muhammad Dary Mufa
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. June 2024 Vol. 16 No. 3
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2024.v16.i03.p01

Milk is a food product of animal origin that has high benefits. The main requirement for milk consumption by the public is good milk quality. This study aims to determine the quality of Etawa breeding goat milk as seen from the California mastitis test, alcohol test, reductase test, and boiling test at Raka Etawa Farm and see the relationship between the California mastitis test (CMT) with the alcohol test, reductase, and boiling test. This study was conducted in a descriptive observational. Sampling using purposive sampling method with sample criteria taken is milk from goat mothers who are in the lactation period. In this study it was found that of the 30 milk samples taken, based on the results of the California mastitis test, there were 15 samples of milk of Etawa breeding goats (50%) experiencing the incidence of subclinical mastitis level III, 11 milk samples (36,7%) experiencing the incidence of subclinical mastitis level II, and as many as 4 milk samples (13,3%) did not experience the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Based on the alcohol test, 26 milk samples (80%) showed positive results and as many as 4 milk samples (20%) showed negative results. The reductase test results showed that 24 samples (80%) had a reductase time of 2 hours and 6 samples (20%) showed a reductase time of 1 hour. The boiling test results showed that 26 milk samples (86,7%) were positive and 4 milk samples (13,3%) had negative results. There was no significant relationship between the CMT test and alcohol test and the CMT test and reductase test (P > 0.05). There was a significant relationship between the CMT test and boiling test (P < 0.05) on the quality of milk of Etawa breeding goats at Raka Etawa Farm. It can be concluded that the majority of Etawa breeding goat milk at Raka Etawa Farm is of poor quality. Cage hygiene, cleaning the udder before milking, and always using gloves during milking need to be considered to produce good quality milk by applicable standards.

COMPARISON OF THE QUALITY OF BALI AND LANDRACE PORK MEAT I Putu Ardiawan; I Wayan Suardana; Kadek Karang Agustina
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. August 2024 Vol. 16 No. 4
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2024.v16.i04.p32

Pigs are one of the meat-producing livestock commodities that have great potential to be developed because they have useful properties and abilities. Carcass and meat quality in general is influenced by factors before slaughter. Factors before slaughter that influence meat quality include genetics, breed, species, type of livestock, age, gender, feed including hormones, minerals and stress. This research aims to determine the differences in the quality of meat from Balinese pork and landrace pork, which genetically differ in terms of color, smell and consistency. The research design used is an observational design with a cross sectional sampling method because when collecting data the independent and dependent variables are observed together, collected once and at a time. The samples used in this research were 32 samples consisting of 16 samples of meat from Balinese pork and 16 samples of meat from landrace pork, then tested by 6 trained panelists. The research results were then tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test and if the results were significantly different, continue with the Mann Whutney test. The results showed that the color of the two meats showed significantly different colors (P<0.05), while in terms of smell and consistency the results showed no significant difference (P>0.05). It was concluded that Balinese pork and Landrace pork could not be differentiated in terms of smell and consistency, and there were visible differences in terms of color. It is recommended that future researchers who will continue research on meat organoletics carry out research immediately after the pig is slaughtered so that they can get maximum results.

IDENTIFICATION OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA AND THEIR VIRULENCE CHARACTERISTICS FROM PIG TONSIL ISOLATES BASED ON CATALASE TEST AND HEMOLYTIC PROPERTIES Kivlan Satrio Pamungkas; I Wayan Suardana; Ida Bagus Windia Adnyana
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. June 2025 Vol. 17 No. 3
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i03.p47

Tonsils are an entry and growth site for microbial colonisation and pathogenic bacteria. The tonsils of pig harbour both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Some Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, lactobacillus and Streptococcus can threaten pig productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Gram-positive bacterial species isolated from pig tonsils using the catalase test and to determine their virulence characteristics based on hemolysis types on blood agar. A total of 74 presumptive Gram-positive isolates preserved in 30% glycerol were cultured and tested using Gram staining, catalase tests, and hemolysis assays. The results indicated that all isolates were Gram-positive, with 56.7% identified as Staphylococcus (catalase-positive) and 43.3% as Streptococcus (catalase-negative). Hemolysis tests showed that 43.2% of the isolates were alpha-hemolytic, 41.8% beta-hemolytic, and 15% gamma-hemolytic. Beta hemolysis is associated with high virulence, while alpha and gamma hemolysis are generally linked to opportunistic or non-pathogenic bacteria. This study provides preliminary insights into the identification of potential pathogenic bacteria in pig tonsils and their virulence characteristics based on hemolysis types.

IDENTIFICATION OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM PIG TONSILS BASED ON MORPHOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL TEST Yan Agus Dharma Nataswara; I Wayan Suardana; I Gusti Ayu Agung Suartini
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. June 2025 Vol. 17 No. 3
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i03.p29

Gram-negative bacteria are microorganisms characterized by significant pathogenic potential and are implicated in a wide range of infections affecting both humans and animals. The tonsils, as lymphoid organs integral to the immune system, can act as niches for bacterial colonization due to their conducive microenvironment for microbial growth. This study aimed to identify Gram-negative bacterial species isolated from porcine tonsils through morphological characterization, oxidase testing, and biochemical profiling using the Methyl Red–Voges-Proskauer (MR-VP) tests, as well as to determine the proportional distribution of the identified bacterial taxa. A total of ten presumptive Gram-negative bacterial isolates, preserved in 30% glycerol, were examined at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. The isolates underwent Gram staining, oxidase assay, and MR-VP biochemical testing. The results revealed that seven of the ten isolates (70%) were identified as Pseudomonas spp., while the remaining three isolates (30%) belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae. All isolates tested positive for the MR test, whereas eight isolates were positive and two negative in the VP test. These findings suggest that porcine tonsils may serve as reservoirs for Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas spp. and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which may possess zoonotic potential and thus warrant further surveillance and risk assessment.

IDENTIFICATION SPECIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM POST-WEANING PIGLET TONSILS USING THE MORPHOLOGY, COAGULASE AND VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST Aniendya Dyah Prasasti; I Wayan Suardana; I Wayan Sudira
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. April 2025 Vol. 17 No. 2
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i02.p12

Tonsils are lymphoid tissue in the respiratory immune system that fights pathogens, but they can also harbor microbial colonization, such as Staphylococcus bacteria, which increases piglets' susceptibility to infection. Post weaning, piglets lose antibodies from colostrum, so their immune system is weakened and Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) is not yet functioning optimally in neutralizing microbes. Thus, this study was conducted to detect Staphylococcus sp. in the upper respiratory tract, namely tonsils in piglets. A total of 40 samples were obtained from a collection of presumptive Staphylococcus sp. isolates from Selat, Sangeh, and Taman Giri, Badung Regency, Bali. All samples were cultivated on blood agar media for 24 hours at 37°C. Colonies are followed by primary tests such as Gram staining and catalase test, and strengthened by biochemical tests such as coagulase test and Voges Proskauer test to clarify the identification of these bacteria, especially for identification as pathogenic bacteria. Of the 40 samples, the Staphylococcus species isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis (27.5%), Staphylococcus hyicus (27.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (25%), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (20%). This study concluded that the tonsils were mostly occupied by commensal and potentially pathogenic bacteria (S. epidermidis and S. hyicus), which have the potential to trigger skin and systemic infections. Therefore, maintaining the cleanliness of the barn, providing balanced nutrition, and biosecurity of the barn need to be done as an effort to control and prevent Staphylococcus sp. bacterial infections in post-weaning piglets.

ISOLATION OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA FROM THE TONSILS OF WEANED LANDRACE PIGS BASED ON HEMOLYSIS TYPE Nanda Oktafia; I Wayan Suardana; Hapsari Mahatmi
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. April 2025 Vol. 17 No. 2
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i02.p13

Tonsils of pigs as the upper respiratory tract are the initial gateway for bacteria to enter the body located at the junction of the oropharynx and nasopharynx and have an important role in the immune system. The study was conducted to determine the level of pathogenicity of Gram-positive bacteria based on the type of hemolysis in post-weaning landrace pigs. It is important to know that pathogenic bacteria have great potential for zoonosis. This study conducted a primary test with a Gram staining test and also a hemolysis test to determine the potential level of pathogenicity. Isolation can be done from the tonsils of post-weaning landrace pigs by swabbing the tonsil mucosa. From the tests carried out, 74 Gram-positive isolates were identified from the 88 existing isolates. The results obtained showed a percentage that described the pathogenicity of the existing bacteria including 43% or (32/74) isolates were α-hemolytic, 42% or (31/74) isolates were β-hemolytic, and 15% or (11/74) were γ-hemolytic. The type of hemolysis produced from a series of tests showed different results which were presented in the form of a percentage. The significant percentage of α-hemolysis and β-hemolysis indicates that there is a large potential for pathogenicity in the area where post-weaning pig tonsil swab samples were taken, namely from Selat Village with the SS code, Sangeh Village with the SGS code and also Taman Giri Village with the STG code. Further research needs to be done to be able to provide education to the community and to find out the bacterial species from the identification of Gram-positive bacteria which are seen based on the type of hemolysis, namely those with α-hemolysis, β-hemolysis, and γ-hemolysis related to virulence in the pathogenicity of infection.

IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SP. ISOLATES FROM PIG TONSILS BASED ON MANNITOL SALT AGAR TEST Meigagina Dwi Rahmawati; I Wayan Suardana; Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. April 2025 Vol. 17 No. 2
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i02.p15

Bacteria are microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans and animals, as well as play a significant role in food safety concerns. One of the most frequently encountered bacterial genera is Staphylococcus sp., which naturally exists as normal flora on the skin and mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory systems. However, under certain conditions, these bacteria can become pathogenic and lead to infections. Additionally, Staphylococcus species are often found in food products such as meat and milk, posing potential public health risks. This study aims to identify Staphylococcus sp. species from isolates stored at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. The isolates were obtained from the tonsils of healthy Landrace piglets aged 2–3 months, collected from Sangeh, Selat, and Taman Giri in Badung Regency, Bali Province. The research methodology included isolate cultivation, primary identification tests such as Gram staining and the catalase test, followed by biochemical tests, including the coagulase test and mannitol salt agar (MSA) test. The identification results revealed that out of 40 Staphylococcus sp. isolates examined, 22 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 10 isolates as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 8 isolates as Staphylococcus saprophyticus. These findings indicate that Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species in the tested samples. Due to its pathogenic potential, continuous surveillance of Staphylococcus in animals and animal-derived products is essential to mitigate the risk of transmission to humans. Implementing stringent hygiene and sanitation measures in the handling and processing of animal products is recommended to minimize bacterial contamination.

TYPES OF HEMOLYSIS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE TONSILS OF WEANED LANDRACE PIGS Rizky Novriansyah; I Wayan Suardana; Hapsari Mahatmi
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. April 2025 Vol. 17 No. 2
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i02.p19

The tonsils serve as the primary gateway for bacterial entry into the body and are part of the lymphatic system, which is rich in immune cells, particularly phagocytes. Various pathogenic bacteria can colonize the tonsils, including Gram-negative bacteria with high virulence potential. This study aims to identify and characterize Gram-negative bacteria from the mucosa of post-weaning pig tonsils based on their haemolysis properties. Samples were collected from three different farming locations, namely Selat Village, Sangeh Village, and Taman Giri, which have different environmental conditions such as housing type, humidity, and temperature. The methods used included Gram staining to determine bacterial morphological characteristics and haemolysis testing on blood agar to observe haemolysis patterns. The results showed that among 14 isolates tested, 50% (7/14) exhibited alpha-haemolysis, 36% (5/14) exhibited beta-haemolysis, and 14% (2/14) exhibited gamma-haemolysis. Based on these characteristics, the potential bacteria identified included Haemophilus sp., Pasteurella sp., Actinobacillus spp., and Escherichia coli, which exhibited different haemolytic abilities depending on their virulence factors. Environmental factors such as housing type, humidity, and temperature also influenced the haemolysis patterns of the bacteria. The variations in haemolysis patterns observed indicate differences in the expression of virulence factors among the bacteria colonizing the tonsils of post-weaning pigs from the three study locations.

IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE CATTLE SLAUGHTERING AT THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE Zelia Danila Amaral Guterres; I Wayan Suardana; I Ketut Suada
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. April 2025 Vol. 17 No. 2
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i02.p22

The beef is a food product with a high nutritional content. However, not all beef products are of good quality. In the process of slaughtering beef, there is a high chance of carcass contamination. Biological, physical and chemical interventions can cause the number of microbes in the carcass to decrease significantly. This study used direct observation method to the location and informant interviews to obtain data, the study was conducted in 15 observations. Furthermore, the data was analyzed using Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to determine the potential hazards and risk assessment. The results of the research in the Cattle Slaughtering unit at the Pesanggaran Slaughterhouse showed that of the 11 cattle slaughtering activities, 7 activities need to be improved, and 4 activities have been carried out properly and correctly according to the standard. The 7 activities that need to be improved are, antemortem examination stage has a RAC score of 9, cattle put in restraining box has a RAC score of 4, slaughter has a RAC score of 4, head separation has a RAC score of 6, skinning and offal removal has a RAC score of 3, postmortem examination has a RAC score of 9, and transportation has a RAC score of 3. There are 4 activities that have been carried out properly and correctly, which are at the stage of receiving cattle, resting cattle, cutting metacarpals and metatarsals, and separating carcasses. The conclusion of this study is that all potential hazards are categorized as unacceptable and undesirable. The purpose of this study is to identify potential hazards and risk assessment in the process of slaughtering cattle in the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse.

COMPARISON OF ANTIBODY RESPONSE AND POST-VACCINATION REACTION IN MICE FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF ASF DNA VACCINE FORMULATED WITH W/O/W AND POLYMER ADJUVANTS I Gede Pande Krisnha Dharma; I Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika; I Wayan Suardana
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. August 2025 Vol. 17 No. 4
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2025.v17.i04.p20

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease in pigs, and currently, no effective vaccine is available to prevent it. Among the vaccination strategies currently being explored is the DNA vaccine. This study aims to compare the antibody levels and post-vaccination reactions of the ASF DNA Vaccine containing A224L and A276R genes formulated with two types of adjuvants: W/O/W adjuvant (Montanide ISA 201 VG) and polymer adjuvant (Montanide Gel01) in mice. Each mice was vaccinated subcutaneously with 25 µg of plasmid encapsulated with the respective adjuvant. Serum samples were collected at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. Antibody levels against A224L and A276R proteins were detected by ELISA test using synthetic peptides as antigens. The optical density (OD) values from the ELISA were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with the SPSS version 30. Post-vaccination reactions were visually observed and documented through photographs at various stages of development. This study concludes that the formulation of ASF DNA vaccine with W/O/W and polymer adjuvants generates antibody levels that are not significantly different (p > 0,05), but the polymer adjuvant exhibited a better safety profile. Additional studies are necessary to explore different W/O/W adjuvant concentrations in order to reduce the risk of local reactions without affecting efficacy.

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