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Azka, Muhamad Fauzan
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Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Synthesis of Paraffin-Based Phase Change Material (PCM) Composites with Expanded Graphite as a Cooling System for Solar Panels Azka, Muhamad Fauzan; Hidayat, Sahrul; Gultom, Noto Susanto; Setianto, Setianto; Nurhilal, Otong
JIIF (Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika) Vol 10, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/jiif.v10i1.68644

Abstract

The increase in the surface temperature of solar panels can reduce their efficiency. This issue can be mitigated through the implementation of cooling systems. One of the currently developed cooling methods involves the use of phase change materials (PCMs). Paraffin is the most commonly used PCM for solar panel cooling systems due to its melting point, which falls within the operating temperature range of solar panels. However, paraffin has a drawback in the form of low thermal conductivity. To overcome this limitation, paraffin is often composited with materials possessing high thermal conductivity, such as graphite. Graphite can also be expanded to alter its mechanical and thermal properties. The expansion of graphite using a solution of H₂SO₄ and K₂S₂O₈ can increase its surface area to 15.669 m²/g and 201.945 m²/g for 5% and 10% solid–liquid variation ratios, respectively. The addition of expanded graphite (EG) can also enhance the thermal conductivity of the PCM to 0.31 W/mK, 0.37 W/mK, and 0.44 W/mK with 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% EG additions, respectively. The paraffin-based PCM cooling system can reduce the average surface temperature by 15.36% and increase the overall efficiency by 0.3%. A PCM cooling system composed of paraffin and expanded graphite (95%/5%) can lower the average surface temperature by 20.32% and increase total efficiency by 0.4%. The PCM system with a 90%/10% paraffin-EG composition can reduce the surface temperature by 32.44% and enhance total efficiency by 1.2%. Meanwhile, the 85%/15% paraffin-EG cooling system achieves a temperature reduction of 32.52% and a total efficiency improvement of 1.27% compared to the system without cooling.
Article Review: Organic Solar Cell Gultom, Noto Susanto; Azka, Muhamad Fauzan; Khoir, Irfansyah; Hashifa, Chisa; Nurasiah, Nurasiah; Iskandar, Johan; Nurhilal, Otong
JIIF (Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika) Vol 9, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/jiif.v9i2.65954

Abstract

One of the emerging technologies that has gained attention as an alternative for meeting renewable energy demands is the Organic Solar Cell (OSC). OSC is a type of photovoltaic device that utilizes organic electronic materials. The fundamental operating principle of OSC is based on the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), with organic compounds serving as the active materials, enabling the conversion of light energy into electricity. Research on OSC has continuously evolved over the years to achieve optimal performance. The substrate/transport layer, which serves as the foundation for the organic active layer in OSC, can be categorized into several types, including ITO-based OSC, conducting polymer-based OSC, silver nanowire-based OSC, metal-based OSC, and graphene-based OSC. Organic solar cells offer several promising prospects, such as relatively low production costs, as well as flexible and transparent design features. However, OSCs also face several challenges, including relatively low efficiency and environmental stability concerns. Addressing these challenges is crucial to unlocking the full potential of OSC technology. This article first provides a general overview of OSC advancements, followed by a summary and analysis of its working principles, performance parameters, and structural components. Finally, we explore recent breakthroughs in OSC development in detail.
Co-Authors Hashifa, Chisa Johan Iskandar Khoir, Irfansyah Noto Susanto Gultom Nurasiah Nurasiah Otong Nurhilal Sahrul Hidayat Setianto Setianto, Setianto