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All Journal Journal of Community Empowerment for Health IJRETINA - International Journal of Retina
Indrawati, Vera Nurohmah
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Education Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Interleukin-1 (ɑ&β) Polymorphism and Bevacizumab Response in Neovascular AMD: Jogja Ageing and Genomic AMD Determinant (JAGAD) Study Number 4 Supanji, Supanji; Romdhoniyyah, Dewi Fathin; Alvionita, Yola Aulia; Salsabila, Kayla Prihatka; Anggraeni, Septya Olivia; Ar-Rosyid, Dewi Megarani; Indrawati, Vera Nurohmah; Qonitatun H., Khairunnissaa'; Mufidana, Neilil Muna; Anindita, Dinda Ajeng; Nursawitri, Syania; Syahriza, Sekar; Felisha, Hifdza Faza; Prayogo, Mohammad Eko; Wardhana, Firman Setya; Sasongko, Muhammad Bayu; Oka, Chio
International Journal of Retina Vol 9 No 1 (2026): International Journal of Retina (IJRetina) - INAVRS
Publisher : Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35479/ijretina.2026.vol009.iss001.340

Abstract

Introduction: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene polymorphisms may influence anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment response in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) by modulating inflammatory pathways. This study evaluated associations between IL-1 (ɑ&β) and anatomical outcomes following intravitreal bevacizumab. Methods: We conducted a multi-center retrospective study involving 84 eyes from 71 nAMD patients at three tertiary hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Patients were categorized as responders or non-responders according to whether they achieved a >10% reduction in central macular thickness (CMT) one month post-bevacizumab injection. Peripheral blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and genotyping. Results: Responders demonstrated significantly greater CMT improvement despite having higher baseline values (389.0 µM) compared to non-responders (303.0 µM, p=0.033). At one-month follow-up, responders achieved substantially lower CMT measurements (257.0 µM, p=0.002). The IL-1ɑ risk genotype was not detected in both groups. In addition, the genotype distribution for IL-1ɑ showed no statistical significance difference across age, sex, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and CMT. Genetic analysis revealed that carriers of the IL-1β T allele showed a 39% lower probability of being non-responders (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.32-1.16). The CT and TT genotypes demonstrated even stronger trends, with 34% (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.15-2.88) and 67% (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.06-1.72) reduced probabilities of non-response, respectively. However, these associations did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a potential protective effect of the IL-1β -511C/T polymorphism against poor response to bevacizumab therapy, though statistical significance was not achieved. Further investigation with larger sample sizes is necessary to confirm the predictive value of IL-1 genetic variations for anti-VEGF treatment outcomes in nAMD patients.
Association of the VEGF +405C/G gene polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy in an Indonesian (Yogyakarta) population Supanji, Supanji; Romdhoniyyah, Dewi Fathin; Maharani, Dinda Mutiara; Putri, Aurelia Priscilla Regita; Felisha, Hifdza Faza; Indrawati, Vera Nurohmah; Hasanah, Ummi Noor; Widya, Shanti; Imawati, Nurul; Aribowo, Eko; Adisetiadi, Agit Seno; Revana, Eva; Winarti, Tri; Ikhsan, Muhammad Robikhul; Susanti, Vina Yanti; Prayogo, Mohammad Eko; Wardhana, Firman Setya; Sasongko, Muhammad Bayu
Journal of Community Empowerment for Health Vol 9, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcoemph.113213

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a major cause of vision loss, and while chronic hyperglycemia drives its pathogenesis, inconsistent findings on the VEGF +405G/C polymorphism and the absence of Indonesian data highlight the need to clarify potential genetic susceptibility. The purpose is to determine the association between the VEGF +405C/G rs2010963 gene polymorphism and the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in an Indonesian population.Methods: Our observational case-control study enrolled 100 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients (50 DR patients vs. 50 non-DR)  who underwent comprehensive clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and the VEGF +405C/G rs2010963 polymorphism was genotyped using RFLP-PCR, with results confirmed by sequencing.Results: Our study included a total of 100 participants with no significant differences in baseline characteristics other than poorer visual acuity and significantly higher LDL and lower HDL levels in the DR case group. Allelic and genotypic distributions of the VEGF +405 rs2010963 polymorphism were similar between both groups, with HWE equilibrium analysis showing no significant deviation. Neither crude (GG; crude OR 0.32 [0.87 - 1.21]), age and sex-adjusted analysis (0.41 [0.11 - 1.60]), nor blood pressure, HbA1c level, BMI, and smoking status-adjusted OR of 0.38 (0.70 - 2.06), demonstrated a significant association between VEGF +405 rs2010963 polymorphisms and DR risk in our cohorts.Conclusion: Our study suggests that VEGF +405C/G polymorphisms may not serve as an independent risk factor for DR in the Indonesian population.
Co-Authors Adisetiadi, Agit Seno Alvionita, Yola Aulia Anggraeni, Septya Olivia Anindita, Dinda Ajeng Ar-Rosyid, Dewi Megarani Chio Oka, Chio Eko Aribowo Felisha, Hifdza Faza Hasanah, Ummi Noor Ikhsan, Muhammad Robikhul Imawati, Nurul Maharani, Dinda Mutiara Mohammad Eko Prayogo Mufidana, Neilil Muna Nursawitri, Syania Putri, Aurelia Priscilla Regita Qonitatun H., Khairunnissaa' Revana, Eva Romdhoniyyah, Dewi Fathin Salsabila, Kayla Prihatka Sasongko, Muhammad Bayu Supanji, Supanji Susanti, Vina Yanti Syahriza, Sekar Tri Winarti Wardhana, Firman Setya Widya, Shanti