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Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9399

This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea using the Soxhlet method. The extraction yielded 32% dye extract, which exhibited a maroon color, a pH of 5.10, a melting point of 200–210 °C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, whereas phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also demonstrated inhibitory activity against certain bacterial and fungal organisms. Characterization using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC-MS further elucidated its properties. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching functional groups. The UV-Visible spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, or crystalline-like surface structures. TGA showed thermal stability in three stages, with initial weight loss occurring between 30 and 150 °C, major weight loss between 250 and 450 °C, and residual mass remaining above 500 °C. GC-MS analysis identified 18 compounds with different retention times and intensities, among which maltose showed the highest intensity (2.50), while propanoic acid and tetral glycol showed lower intensities (0.20). These findings demonstrate that the stem extract of Bridelia ferruginea possesses notable physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural characteristics relevant to its potential use as a natural dye.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye Obtained from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod Bark Andema Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau; Jamila Umar Atiku; James Yakubu; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9400

Although natural dyes have attracted growing interest as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, studies on the physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural properties of dye extracts from African locust bean pod remain limited. This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from African locust bean pod using the maceration method. The extraction yielded 23.76%, and the dye extract was dark brown, with a pH of 5.77, a melting point of 440 °C, a density of 0.54 g/mL, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phlabotannins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate, starch, proteins, and anthocyanins, while saponin was absent. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, and antifungal activity against P. notatum, but no antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans and A. niger at all concentrations. Characterization was conducted using UV-Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the highest absorbance recorded at 287 nm (4.1000), likely associated with carbonyl (C=O) groups characteristic of hydrolysable tannins. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C=O stretching, and C–O stretching functional groups. GC-MS identified 19 compounds with varying retention times and peak areas, among which cis-9-hexadecenal (14.81%) was the major compound, followed by heneicosanoic acid (8.59%), hexadecanoic acid (7.93%), and octadecanoic acid (7.31%). HPLC analysis revealed gallic acid as the most abundant compound, indicating the presence of hydrolysable tannin, while SEM showed a rough and porous surface morphology with a compacted, fused-like solid structure. These findings demonstrate that African locust bean pod is a promising source of natural dye with notable bioactive and structural characteristics, thereby contributing to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based dye materials.

Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.10007

Natural dyes have attracted increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, particularly because of their potential functional and bioactive properties. This study aimed to extract and characterize a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea and evaluate its physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, thermal, morphological, and spectroscopic properties. The dye was extracted using the Soxhlet method, yielding 32%. The physical characterization showed that the extract was maroon in color, had a pH of 5.10, a melting range of 200–210°C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, while phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also inhibited the growth of selected bacterial and fungal organisms. Instrumental characterization was conducted using FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC–MS. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching vibrations. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, and crystalline-like structures, while TGA indicated three stages of thermal stability: initial weight loss between 30 and 150°C, major weight loss between 250 and 450°C, and residual mass above 500°C. GC–MS analysis identified 18 compounds with their respective retention times and intensities; maltose showed the highest intensity at 2.50, whereas propanoic acid and tetral gyvcol showed lower intensities of 0.20. The study concludes that B. ferruginea stem extract possesses promising dye characteristics, bioactive constituents, antimicrobial potential, and measurable thermal stability. These findings contribute to the development of plant-based natural dyes for sustainable material and bioresource applications.

Optimization of the Dyeing Conditions of Natural Dye from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod on Cotton Fabrics Andama Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; James Yakubu; Abdulkadir Junior Bilyamin; Akinterinwa Ayo; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.10011

This study examines the dyeing performance, color fastness, surface morphology, and antimicrobial properties of cotton fabrics dyed with natural dye extract, both with and without mordant treatment. The dye extract was applied to treated and untreated cotton fabrics, while CuSO₄, FeSO₄, and KAl(SO₄)₂ were used as mordants to produce different color shades. The optimum dyeing conditions for treated and untreated cotton fabrics were identified at dye concentrations of 2% and 1.5%, temperatures of 90°C and 80°C, and dyeing times of 60 and 50 minutes, respectively. Color fastness to washing and sunlight was evaluated, and the surface morphology of dyed and undyed fabrics was investigated using SEM. The dyed cotton fabrics demonstrated good color fastness, with ratings ranging from 3 to 5 under washing and sunlight exposure. Antimicrobial analysis showed that all dyed fabrics, with and without mordants, produced no inhibition zone against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi, with values of 0.00 ± 0.00. However, the dyed fabrics exhibited varying inhibition zones against the fungus Penicillium notatum. Treated cotton dyed with copper sulphate mordant showed the highest inhibition zone of 1.1 ± 0.00 mm, whereas untreated cotton dyed with potassium aluminium sulphate mordant showed the lowest inhibition zone of 0.4 ± 0.00 mm. The study concludes that mordant-assisted dyeing can improve shade variation and maintain acceptable color fastness in cotton fabrics, while the antifungal activity of the dyed fabrics suggests potential functional value for naturally dyed textile applications.

Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9399

This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea using the Soxhlet method. The extraction yielded 32% dye extract, which exhibited a maroon color, a pH of 5.10, a melting point of 200–210 °C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, whereas phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also demonstrated inhibitory activity against certain bacterial and fungal organisms. Characterization using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC-MS further elucidated its properties. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching functional groups. The UV-Visible spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, or crystalline-like surface structures. TGA showed thermal stability in three stages, with initial weight loss occurring between 30 and 150 °C, major weight loss between 250 and 450 °C, and residual mass remaining above 500 °C. GC-MS analysis identified 18 compounds with different retention times and intensities, among which maltose showed the highest intensity (2.50), while propanoic acid and tetral glycol showed lower intensities (0.20). These findings demonstrate that the stem extract of Bridelia ferruginea possesses notable physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural characteristics relevant to its potential use as a natural dye.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye Obtained from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod Bark Andema Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau; Jamila Umar Atiku; James Yakubu; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9400

Although natural dyes have attracted growing interest as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, studies on the physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural properties of dye extracts from African locust bean pod remain limited. This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from African locust bean pod using the maceration method. The extraction yielded 23.76%, and the dye extract was dark brown, with a pH of 5.77, a melting point of 440 °C, a density of 0.54 g/mL, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phlabotannins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate, starch, proteins, and anthocyanins, while saponin was absent. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, and antifungal activity against P. notatum, but no antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans and A. niger at all concentrations. Characterization was conducted using UV-Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the highest absorbance recorded at 287 nm (4.1000), likely associated with carbonyl (C=O) groups characteristic of hydrolysable tannins. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C=O stretching, and C–O stretching functional groups. GC-MS identified 19 compounds with varying retention times and peak areas, among which cis-9-hexadecenal (14.81%) was the major compound, followed by heneicosanoic acid (8.59%), hexadecanoic acid (7.93%), and octadecanoic acid (7.31%). HPLC analysis revealed gallic acid as the most abundant compound, indicating the presence of hydrolysable tannin, while SEM showed a rough and porous surface morphology with a compacted, fused-like solid structure. These findings demonstrate that African locust bean pod is a promising source of natural dye with notable bioactive and structural characteristics, thereby contributing to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based dye materials.

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