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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Shadrach Philip
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Estimation of Kidney Function and Haematological Parameters of Methanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Augustine Absalom; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Otashu Kenneth Frank; Shadrach Philip
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.7359

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of liver-related mortality worldwide, often linked to oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induced by carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN). This study investigates the biochemical and hematological effects of methanol leaf extract of Annona senegalensis on DEN-induced HCC in male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (DEN-induced), positive control (DEN + silymarin), and three treatment groups receiving A. senegalensis extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and a combined regimen. DEN exposure significantly elevated serum biomarkers of liver damage, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. Treatment with A. senegalensis extract at 400 mg/kg markedly reduced ALT, AST, and ALP levels compared to the negative control, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential. Hematological analysis revealed a decline in white blood cell (WBC) count across treatment groups, suggesting possible immunosuppressive effects. Red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) levels decreased at 200 mg/kg but increased at 400 mg/kg, indicating a dose-dependent erythropoietic effect. Platelet (PLT) counts, elevated in the DEN-induced group, were normalized by the extract. These results suggest that A. senegalensis contains bioactive compounds with hepatoprotective and hematomodulatory activities. While higher doses improved liver function and hematological balance, the observed immunosuppressive tendencies highlight the need for further mechanistic studies. The findings support the therapeutic potential of A. senegalensis in hepatocellular carcinoma management, warranting future preclinical and clinical evaluation.
Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Liver Function of Aspirin-Induced Male Albino Rats Muhammad Zuhairah Ismail; Imo Chinedu; Arowora Kayode Adebisi; Shadrach Philip; Rashida Ismail Mohammed; Isaac John Umaru; Kingsley Iyoko Iseko; Dafup Katdel Istifanus
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3675

Abstract

This study examined the effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on the liver function of male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are commonly consumed by natives in northern Nigeria for therapeutic purposes. Eighty-four (84) healthy male albino rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of ten animals each, while 24 rats were used for lethal dose (LD50) analysis. The animals were administered ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days respectively after induction with aspirin. The study was carried out in two phases: The animals were induced with 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin 12 hours before the commencement of the experiment, the test animals were administered ethanolic extract of fruit of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days and sacrificed at the end of each test phase respectively, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The liver was harvested at the end of each phase, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken. The result of liver function parameters showed that the mean values of alanine transaminase (ALT) after five-day of treatment decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in groups 4, 5 and 6 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 when compared to normal control. Also, ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2. There was a general decreasing trend in the mean values of aspartate transaminase (AST) across all groups except group 2. The mean values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups, but increased non-significantly in group 2. The same trend was observed in the values of ALT, AST, and ALP after 14 days of treatment. Photomicrograph of the liver section of normal rats showed normal central vein, sinusoids and hepatocytes as well as that of the treated animals. Photomicrograph of liver section of rat administered aspirin only showed slightly dilated portal triad after five days. The study suggests that the ethanolic extracts from fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera may have active ingredients that are capable of improving some liver functions.
Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Lipid Profile and Kidney Function in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Usman Lukman Adamu; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Shadrach Philip; Otashu Kenneth Frank
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7363

Abstract

Liver cancer remains a major global health burden, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most common form and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Its progression is often accompanied by metabolic and renal dysfunction, complicating treatment outcomes. While conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted drug treatments offer benefits, they are frequently associated with high toxicity and adverse side effects. This discussion highlights the potential of Annona senegalensis as a safer alternative for managing HCC-related complications, particularly in the context of lipid metabolism and renal function. Evidence from experimental studies suggests that the ethanolic leaf extract of A. senegalensis significantly improves lipid profiles by reducing cholesterol levels from 368.57 ± 1.72 in the negative control group to 266.40 ± 0.88, 217.46 ± 0.82, and 182.24 ± 1.20 at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg doses, respectively, while maintaining favorable HDL levels at higher doses. These findings indicate the extract’s potential to enhance lipid metabolism, lower cardiovascular risk, and provide renal protection during liver cancer progression. Beyond its biochemical effects, the study reinforces the growing relevance of integrating traditional medicinal plants into modern healthcare frameworks as complementary therapeutic options. Overall, A. senegalensis demonstrates promising hepatoprotective, metabolic, and nephroprotective effects, warranting further investigation into its bioactive compounds and clinical applicability.
Effects of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Annona senegalensis on Kidney Function and Lipid Profile in Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Khalid Yahuza Abbas; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Agbo Chibuike Ekunyi; Usman Ikira; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Otashu Kenneth Frank; Shadrach Philip
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i3.7358

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the anticancer properties of Annona senegalensis stem bark extract in N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats. Liver carcinogenesis was induced in groups II–VI by intraperitoneal injection of DEN (50 mg/kg body weight in DMSO) once weekly for three weeks. Group II served as the negative control, while group III was the positive control (treated with silymarin, 100 mg/kg b.w.). Groups IV, V, and VI received ethanol extracts of A. senegalensis at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg b.w., respectively, administered orally for 14 days. Treatment with the extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood urea and creatinine levels, improved electrolyte balance, and enhanced liver histoarchitecture. The extract also favorably modulated lipid metabolism, lowering cholesterol levels from 368.57 ± 1.72 in the negative control to 251.31 ± 1.10 at 400 mg/kg, while increasing HDL levels from 96.21 ± 1.23 to 233.13 ± 0.86 at 600 mg/kg. These results suggest a cardioprotective role via improved lipid profiles. Additionally, kidney function was improved, as reflected by reduced urea (17.30 ± 0.85) and creatinine (2.67 ± 0.23) compared to negative controls (34.53 ± 0.70 and 3.72 ± 0.45, respectively). Overall, the ethanol extract of A. senegalensis demonstrated hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and lipid-regulating effects, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for mitigating DEN-induced HCC and its associated metabolic complications.
Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Liver Function in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats and Its Potential as an Antibacterial Agent Isaac John Umaru; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Etah Hope Mona; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Shadrach Philip; Otashu Kenneth Frank
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7362

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent and deadly cancers globally, with limited treatment options and poor prognosis in advanced stages. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of methanol leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in Wistar rats and investigated its antibacterial properties. Thirty-six male albino rats were allocated into six groups: Group I (normal control) received no treatment; Group II (negative control) was induced with HCC using DEN (50 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneally) weekly for three weeks without therapy; Group III (positive control) received DEN followed by silymarin (100 mg/kg b.w.); while Groups IV, V, and VI received DEN followed by A. senegalensis extract at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg b.w., respectively, administered orally for 14 days. Biochemical analysis showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated DEN-induced hepatotoxicity, with the 400 mg/kg dose most effective in reducing AST (48.71 ± 1.21 IU/L) and ALT (20.74 ± 1.06 IU/L) compared to the negative control (69.52 ± 0.88 IU/L and 54.97 ± 1.54 IU/L, respectively). Hepatic synthetic function was restored, as indicated by increased total protein (6.37 ± 0.13 g/L) and albumin (5.11 ± 0.10 g/L). Histopathological analysis confirmed marked architectural recovery with reduced necrosis and inflammatory infiltration. The extract also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, exhibiting dose-dependent inhibition zones against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, with effects comparable to standard antibiotics. These findings suggest that A. senegalensis leaf extract exerts hepatoprotective effects—likely through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative mechanisms—while also offering broad-spectrum antimicrobial benefits. The 400 mg/kg dose emerged as the most effective, highlighting its promise as a cost-effective complementary therapy for managing HCC and bacterial infections, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Further research should focus on isolating and characterizing the bioactive compounds and elucidating their mechanisms of action.
Effect of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Annona senegalensis on Haematological Profile in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Panah Philemon; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Shadrach Philip; Otashu Kenneth Frank
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i3.7364

Abstract

Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and is frequently associated with hematological complications such as anemia and impaired blood clotting. This study evaluated the hematoprotective effects of methanol stem-bark extract of Annona senegalensis in rats with diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. Fifty-four male rats were allocated into six groups: a normal control group, a DEN-induced group without treatment, a positive control group treated with silymarin, and three treatment groups administered varying doses of A. senegalensis extract. Hematological parameters assessed included red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit (HCT), and platelets (PLT). DEN induction significantly reduced RBC, HGB, and PLT levels, indicating anemia and coagulation impairment. Treatment with A. senegalensis, particularly at 400 mg/kg, markedly improved these hematological indices, suggesting a restorative effect on blood parameters. The protective role of the extract may be attributed to its bioactive constituents, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings suggest that A. senegalensis possesses promising hematoprotective potential in the management of blood-related complications associated with liver cancer. Further research, including mechanistic studies and clinical trials, is warranted to validate its safety and therapeutic efficacy in humans.
Effect of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Annona senegalensis as an Antibacterial Agent and on Liver Enzyme Markers in Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Emmanuel Efongwa; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Shadrach Philip; Otashu Kenneth Frank
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i3.7361

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, frequently linked to exposure to chemical carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Medicinal plants have emerged as promising sources of bioactive compounds with potential anticancer and antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of methanol stem-bark extract of Annona senegalensis against DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma and selected bacterial pathogens. Fifty-four male albino rats were allocated into six groups, with hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DEN, followed by a 14-day treatment with varying doses of the extract. Hepatoprotective effects were assessed using liver enzyme markers and serum protein levels, while antibacterial activity was determined via disc diffusion assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results demonstrated that the extract significantly reduced liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST, ALP) and improved serum proteins (total protein and albumin) at higher doses (400 and 600 mg/kg), indicating hepatoprotective potential. Bilirubin levels also improved, suggesting reduced liver stress. Antibacterial evaluation revealed dose-dependent activity, with strong inhibition against S. aureus comparable to tetracycline at 200 µg/mL, and moderate efficacy against E. coli. These findings highlight the dual therapeutic potential of A. senegalensis stem-bark extract as both a hepatoprotective and antibacterial agent. Future studies are recommended to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects and to expand antibacterial evaluation to a wider spectrum of pathogens.
Co-Authors Agbo Chibuike Ekunyi Akafa Andes Tansaba Arowora Kayode Adebisi Augustine Absalom Dafup Katdel Istifanus Emmanuel Efongwa Etah Hope Mona Imo Chinedu Ingwu Joseph Akem Isaac John Umaru Khalid Yahuza Abbas Kingsley Iyoko Iseko Mary Athanasius Udoh Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara Muhammad Zuhairah Ismail Ogar Fonne Okang Otashu Kenneth Frank Panah Philemon Rashida Ismail Mohammed Usman Ikira Usman Lukman Adamu