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All Journal International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Fundamental and Applied Management Journal
Marihot Simanjuntak
Maritime Institute, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran Jakarta, North Jakarta, Indonesia
Automotive Engineering Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Physics Social Sciences Transportation

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Marine Pollution Prevention Policy and Port State Control Enforcement in Indonesia: Implementation Gaps and Regulatory Recommendations Larsen Barasa; Tri Cahyadi; Marihot Simanjuntak; Irfan Faozun; Chanra Purnama
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v11i2

Abstract

Indonesia, as a signatory to MARPOL 73/78, holds binding international obligations for vessel-source pollution prevention across all six annexes. Port State Control (PSC) is the primary enforcement mechanism for realizing these obligations operationally, yet evidence consistently indicates a wide and persistent gap between regulatory obligation and enforcement practice. This study provides a systematic assessment of marine pollution prevention policy and PSC enforcement in Indonesia through a mixed-methods methodology combining quantitative benchmarking of 4,218 IOMOU PSC inspection records (2019–2024), 44 semi-structured stakeholder interviews, and comparative regulatory framework analysis. Results reveal that Indonesia's PSC performance falls significantly below both IOMOU regional and Paris MoU benchmarks across all key indicators: the detention rate of 4.8% is double the Paris MoU average, mean deficiencies per inspection exceed the Paris MoU figure by 1.97, and a repeat deficiency rate of 38.4% — 23.6 percentage points above the Paris MoU — confirms that enforcement is not generating the corrective response it should. MARPOL Annex IV (sewage) and Annex I (oil) deficiency gaps against Paris MoU benchmarks reach 13.2 and 10.8 percentage points respectively, both classified as critical. Six primary implementation gaps are identified: PSC officer capacity deficit, absence of digital inspection systems, inter-agency coordination failure, inadequate penalties, domestic fleet MARPOL exemptions, and port reception facility insufficiency. An Integrated Marine Pollution Prevention Reform Framework addressing all six gaps through a phased four-pillar architecture is proposed, offering a structured pathway for Indonesia to close its enforcement deficit and fulfill its international maritime environmental obligations.
Marine Engineering Innovation for Environmental Compliance: An Integrated Environmental Engineering Framework for Indonesian Domestic Vessel Operations Susi Herawati; Marihot Simanjuntak; Larsen Barasa; Natanael Suranta; Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v11i2

Abstract

Marine engineering is undergoing a fundamental redefinition — from a discipline optimized primarily for propulsive performance and fuel economy to one in which environmental engineering is integral to every shipboard system domain. This study develops an Integrated Environmental Engineering Framework (IEEF) for Indonesian domestic vessel operations, synthesizing marine engineering innovation literature across propulsion, thermal management, exhaust treatment, waste management, and hull systems into a structured, evidence-based environmental technology portfolio. A mixed-methods methodology was employed, combining quantitative Environmental Engineering Audit Protocol (EEAP) assessment of 72 Indonesian domestic vessels across 10 MARPOL-relevant engineering domains with AHP-TOPSIS multi-criteria technology assessment involving 24 domain experts. The audit reveals critical compliance gaps in CII monitoring systems (36%), waste heat recovery installation (10%), and eco-compliant antifouling coatings (35%), alongside high-severity deficits in NOₓ treatment (42%), sewage treatment (44%), and ballast water management (50%). AHP-TOPSIS ranking identifies waste heat recovery and CII digital monitoring as equal top-priority investments (composite score 0.83), followed by nano-hybrid antifouling (0.79), Annex IV sewage treatment (0.77), SCR/EGR NOₓ reduction (0.72), and LNG dual-fuel conversion (0.68). The IEEF organizes these priorities within a three-horizon implementation roadmap — Horizon 1 (2025–2027) deploying proven compliance technologies, Horizon 2 (2027–2032) advancing NOₓ reduction and hybrid system integration, and Horizon 3 (2032–2050) transitioning toward hydrogen, ammonia, fuel cell propulsion, and on-board carbon capture — providing a structured engineering trajectory aligned with IMO 2050 net-zero ambition.
Environmental Risk Assessment of Fuel Oil Spill Incidents in Indonesian Archipelagic Waters: Vulnerability Mapping and Mitigation Strategies Winarno; Marihot Simanjuntak; Markus Yando Manurung; Yok Suprobo
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v11i2

Abstract

Indonesia's position as the world's largest archipelagic state — operating domestic shipping networks through the globally significant Coral Triangle and other ecologically sensitive marine environments — creates one of the world's most consequential maritime pollution risk landscapes. This study conducts a comprehensive environmental risk assessment of fuel oil spill incidents in Indonesian archipelagic waters, integrating accident probability modelling, ecosystem vulnerability mapping, and response capacity analysis into a spatially explicit Integrated Spill Risk Index. A mixed-methods methodology was applied, combining negative binomial regression analysis of 1,847 domestic shipping incident records (2015–2024) with AIS traffic exposure data across six geographic zones, composite marine environmental sensitivity mapping from Allen Coral Atlas, Global Mangrove Watch, and BPS Indonesia livelihood data, NOAA GNOME drift trajectory modelling, and stakeholder interviews with 28 maritime safety and environmental stakeholders. Results identify the Makassar Strait (risk index 0.89) and Banda Sea (0.84) as Critical priority zones requiring immediate investment. Despite having lower incident probability, the Banda Sea registers the highest environmental vulnerability score (0.96) due to its Coral Triangle location, extensive seagrass and mangrove coverage, and coastal communities with over 80% fish dependency. Three immediate priority recommendations emerge: establishment of dedicated OSRO pre-positioning at Makassar Port and Ambon; mandatory AIS-based vessel traffic management with speed restrictions through ecologically sensitive Makassar Strait segments; and strengthened SMS verification and P&I insurance requirements for domestic tankers and bulk carriers operating Critical-zone corridors. The study provides the first integrated spill risk index for Indonesian domestic shipping routes, offering a prioritization framework for the Ministry of Transportation, KPLP, and environmental authorities.
Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coating Technologies for Marine Vessels: Material Science Advances and Environmental Compliance Under IMO Regulations Tri Cahyadi; Marihot Simanjuntak; Natanael Suranta; Larsen Barasa; Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v11i2

Abstract

Marine biofouling — the progressive accumulation of microorganisms, algae, barnacles, and other aquatic organisms on submerged vessel hull surfaces — imposes a 25–40% fuel consumption penalty at the macrofouling stage and simultaneously facilitates the transport of non-indigenous invasive species across biogeographic barriers, constituting both a significant GHG emission driver and a global ecological threat. This study examines antifouling coating technology adoption and compliance in the Indonesian domestic fleet, evaluates alternative antifouling technologies against environmental performance, fuel saving benefit, and IMO regulatory compliance dimensions under Indonesian tropical operating conditions, and develops prioritized technology adoption and regulatory implementation recommendations. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining hull inspection and documentary review of 84 domestic vessels across four vessel type categories at three Indonesian port areas, stakeholder interviews with 46 participants across operator, shipyard, regulatory, industry, and NGO groups, and comparative technology performance assessment of four antifouling system categories. Results reveal that while 86% of vessels achieve AFS Convention (TBT prohibition) compliance, only 6.5% fully comply with IMO Biofouling Management Guidelines. A full fleet eco-upgrade across the 84-vessel sample would deliver annual fuel savings of 12,980 tonnes HFO and 40,500 tonnes CO₂ at a positive 15-year fleet NPV of USD 16.6 million. Cost barriers — with eco-friendly coatings carrying a 2–4× unit price premium — are identified as the primary adoption constraint. Three priority policy recommendations are proposed: mandatory Biofouling Management Plan documentation for all vessels exceeding 400 GT; a green maritime financing facility for eco-coating upgrades during drydocking; and mandatory hull fouling performance reporting within the CII monitoring framework.
Digital Marketing Capability as a Strategic Driver of Competitive Positioning in Indonesian Shipping Companies: An Operational Excellence Perspective Larsen Barasa; Marihot Simanjuntak; April Gunawan Malau; Ahmad Wahid
Fundamental and Applied Management Journal Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March
Publisher : Global Research Collaboration

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66314/famj.v4i1.420

Abstract

The integration of digital marketing capabilities into strategic management frameworks represents a critical yet underexplored dimension of competitive positioning in maritime transportation. This study examines how Indonesian shipping companies leverage digital marketing strategies — including social media engagement, platform-based logistics marketing, and digital branding — as instruments of strategic decision-making to improve market share and service differentiation. Drawing on dynamic capabilities theory and operational excellence frameworks, the study employs a qualitative research design involving semi-structured interviews with 25 key informants across eight Indonesian shipping companies. Thematic analysis, cross-group comparison, and narrative synthesis were applied to examine patterns across executive, marketing, and operational perspectives. Findings reveal four principal capability dimensions: digital channel integration, data-driven customer engagement, brand differentiation through digital platforms, and performance-aligned digital communication. Critically, competitive positioning gains are most pronounced when digital marketing capabilities are embedded within operational excellence structures, particularly in firms that align digital communication strategies with balanced scorecard or performance management systems. The study contributes a contextually grounded framework for digital marketing capability development in emerging-market maritime firms, with practical implications for industry managers, policymakers, and institutional stakeholders in Indonesia's sea transportation sector.
Co-Authors April Gunawan Malau Chanra Purnama Irfan Faozun Larsen Barasa Markus Yando Manurung Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak Natanael Suranta Susi Herawati Tri Cahyadi Wahid, Ahmad Winarno Yok Suprobo