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All Journal Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology Vokasi UNESA Bulletin of Engineering, Technology and Applied Science
Muhammad Afnan Habibi
University of Leeds
Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Mechanical Engineering Transportation

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Design of Automatic Battery Charger Using Forward DC-DC Converter for Solar Home Energy Nur Vidia Laksmi B.; Muhammad Syahril Mubarok; Fithrotul Irda Amaliah; As’ad Shidqy Aziz; Daeng Rahmatullah; Dimas Herjuno; Muhammad Afnan Habibi
Vokasi UNESA Bulletin of Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya or The State University of Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/vubeta.v2i1.35817

Abstract

The utilization of solar energy as a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source, which is inexhaustible, is an ideal solution to meet the growing demand for electricity. Solar Home Energy refers to a house powered by solar energy. The solar energy is subsequently stored in batteries using a battery charger. In this paper, a forward DC-DC converter is used as a battery charger to supply power to a self-sufficient house from solar energy, stored in a 96 V 45 Ah battery. A fuzzy logic controller is employed to regulate the output of the forward DC-DC converter, ensuring a constant charging voltage according to the set point. The output of this project is designed for 110 V 4.5 A; however, in practice, the forward DC-DC converter only achieved a charging voltage of 100.5 V, resulting in an error of 8.63% from the planned value. Additionally, the charging current reached 1.4 A, leading to a significant error of 63.89% from the planned charging current.
Adaptive frequency regulation of an LPG generator using an assistive model-free iterative learning controller Inov Ivandany; Arya Kusumawardana; Muhammad Afnan Habibi; Muhammad As'ad Sahroni
Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology Vol 17, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : National Research and Innovation Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/j.mev.2026.1372

Abstract

Mechanical speed governors in small generator sets often provide only coarse frequency regulation, leading to steady-state error and poor transient recovery under load disturbances. To address this limitation, this study proposes a hybrid governor for an (liquefied petroleum gas) LPG-converted generator, in which the built-in mechanical governor is retained as the primary stabilizing layer, and a model-free iterative learning control (ILC) is added as an assistive electronic controller. The proposed method was validated experimentally under dynamic multi-step load disturbances and internal parameter shifts. In the dynamic load test, the proposed hybrid ILC achieved the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.9144 Hz, compared with 0.9581 Hz for the (proportional-integral) PI-controller benchmark and 1.5512 Hz for the mechanical governor. This corresponds to an RMSE improvement of 41.05 % relative to the mechanical governor and 4.56 % relative to the PI-controller benchmark. In terms of relative tracking accuracy, both electronic controllers substantially reduced the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) relative to the mechanical governor, with the proposed hybrid ILC achieving the lowest value of 1.14 %, slightly lower than 1.15 % for the PI-controller and much lower than 2.04 % for the mechanical governor. Under internal parameter detuning, the proposed method maintained better regulation performance, with RMSE improvements reaching 79.68 % relative to the mechanical baseline. These results show that the proposed hybrid model-free ILC improves transient response, tracking accuracy, and robustness, while preserving the original mechanical governor as a practical baseline controller.
Co-Authors Arya Kusumawardana As’ad Shidqy Aziz Daeng Rahmatullah Dimas Herjuno Fithrotul Irda Amaliah Inov Ivandany Muhammad As'ad Sahroni Muhammad Syahril Mubarok Nur Vidia Laksmi B