LOW-COST IOT-BASED WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS: A STRUCTURED REVIEW OF SENSORS, ARCHITECTURES, PERFORMANCE, AND CHALLENGES

Hamzah, Hardi
Tuhumena, Lolita
Hasin, Ardiansah
Marisda, Dewi Hikmah
Abdullah Ak, Husain

Phydagogic : Jurnal Fisika dan Pembelajarannya
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): Phydagogic : Jurnal Fisika dan Pembelajarannya

Low-cost IoT water-quality monitoring promises distributed measurement, but inexpensive hardware does not guarantee accuracy or field readiness. This structured review evaluated 16 primary studies from 2017–2026 using a Cost–Performance–Deployability (CPD) framework through multi-source searching and citation chasing. Six studies reached C3 cost evidence, seven P4 reference validation, one P5 long-term validation, five D4 deployments, and one D5 deployment; two met the high-readiness criterion. Credible low-cost monitoring requires cost transparency, metrological validation, communication reliability, maintenance evidence, and field robustness.