<![CDATA[Under Dutch and Japanese colonialism, Islamic education had different characteristics because the two colonialists had different approaches to religion and education. This research aims to identify each characteristic of Islamic education during the Dutch and Japanese colonial periods. This research uses a qualitative method with a content analysis approach to journal articles, books, and related documents, including articles published in 2019-2024. This approach aims to identify patterns and themes in Islamic education in Indonesia during the Dutch and Japanese colonial periods. The results of this research are that during the Dutch period, Islamic education experienced strict control and discrimination, while during the Japanese era, there was slightly more freedom. However, it was still under supervision and used for Japanese interests. Nevertheless, Islamic education still plays an important role in maintaining religious identity and nationalism, as well as being part of the struggle for Indonesian independence.]]>
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