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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
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Articles 514 Documents
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Novel phytosomal drug delivery systems in cancer therapy: advances, mechanisms, and translational potential Sujatha Damera; Mounika Kuchukuntla; Mani Sharma; Ram Mohan Manda; Ananda Kumar Chettupalli; Rajendra Kumar Jadi
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2074

Abstract

Background: Phytochemicals are medicinal plants with strong anticancer properties that alter various molecular pathways involved in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Several adverse factors, however, hamper their clinical translation: low aqueous solubility, low membrane permeability, high first-pass metabolism, and rapid systemic elimination. Phytosomal drug delivery systems have emerged as a new, advanced lipid-based approach to addressing these pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical challenges. Methodology: Phytosomes are molecular complexes formed by a stoichiometric reaction between phytoconstituents and phospholipids, thereby increasing stability, improving bioavailability, and enhancing cellular uptake compared to conventional extracts and liposomal systems. Through meticulous analysis of articles from various publishers like PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Bentham Science, Wiley, SAGE, Taylor and Francis publishers, and various indexing journals like Web of Sciences and Scopus databases, etc. Result and Discussion:  This is a review of phytosomal technology in the treatment of cancers, including the principles of formulation, methods of preparation, physicochemical characterization, and the mechanisms of action of an increased anticancer effect. Conclusion: There is a critical discussion of preclinical and clinical evidence on phytosomal preparations of curcumin, silibinin, quercetin, catechins, and berberine. Further, present-day problems in translational research and regulation, as well as future opportunities, such as targeted and stimuli-responsive phytosomes, are also highlighted, indicating their potential as the next generation of phytomedicines in cancer therapy.
Harnessing essential oils through nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for biomedical applications: current trends and future prospects Laxmi Gharti; Neelam Kumari; Vishal Sharma; Navneet Kumar Upadhyay; Hemlata Kaurav
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2082

Abstract

Background:  Essential oils (EOs) have been used in therapeutic applications for centuries and continue to be popular in modern complementary and alternative medicine. EOs are highly concentrated, plant-derived volatile components with a wide range of biological activities, including analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study aims to review novel drug delivery systems enriched with essential oils to improve therapeutic outcomes, overcoming the limitations of the phytoconstituents, including high volatility, hydrophobicity, instability, and toxicity. Methodology: A literature review was conducted using globally recognized scientific research databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Studies were selected for their enhanced therapeutic applications of essential oils through novel drug delivery systems. The search strategy included keywords such as “essential oils”, “nanoformulations”, “nanoemulsions”, “liposomes”, and “solid lipid nanoparticles”, combined using Boolean operators (AND/OR). Articles published in English between 2021 and 2026 were considered. Result and Discussion: Encapsulation of EOs in nanocarriers and lipid-based vesicle systems enhances their bioavailability, improves their stability, and controls their release profile. The progressive nanotechnologies in the drug delivery system have advanced EO’s potential therapeutic approach for treating various disorders such as microbial diseases, pain, stomach disorders, depression, cancer, and many more. This review describes the potential of novel drug delivery systems to overcome the existing challenges associated with phytoconstituents. Conclusion: Novel drug delivery systems for EOs have the potential to improve the efficacy and safety of EO-based therapeutics. In this review, various novel drug delivery systems that have been reported to enhance the therapeutic potential of EOs by overcoming their limitations are highlighted.
Design, synthesis, and in silico evaluation of 1,4 dihydropyridine and 3,4 dihydropyrimidine 2(1H)-ones/thione derivatives Manisha Ashwin Tayde; Suvarna Abhijeet Katti; Anuja Prabhakar Bhosale
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2089

Abstract

Background: Pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives occupy a central position in medicinal chemistry owing to their broad pharmacological significance. In particular, 1,4-dihydropyridines and 3,4-dihydropyrimidines are known for their anti-hypertensive and anti-anginal activities, encouraging further exploration of their chemical space. Methodology: This study aimed to design and synthesize a novel series of nineteen derivatives (PS-1 to PS-19) based on 1,4-dihydropyridine and 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones/thiones, employing a green synthetic strategy. The pharmacological viability of these compounds was assessed through in silico profiling. A catalyst-free "on-water" approach was used for synthesis, aligning with green chemistry principles to ensure eco-friendliness, operational simplicity, and high yield. Structural elucidation of the synthesized compounds was performed using infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (^1H NMR) spectroscopy. Purity was assessed via thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Pharmacological activity, physicochemical properties, and toxicity profiles were evaluated using PASS Online, Swiss ADME, and Protox-II. Results and Discussion: Among the compounds screened, PS-4 demonstrated the most favorable docking affinity (−49.20), outperforming benchmark calcium channel blockers such as Nifedipine and Felodipine. The developed green synthetic method successfully yielded 19 target compounds with desirable purity and structural fidelity. Three compounds out of 19 showed a strong docking score towards the receptor protein. Conclusion: In silico results revealed favorable pharmacological potential and acceptable toxicity margins for several derivatives, suggesting they are promising candidates for further pharmacodynamic and therapeutic investigations.
Factors influencing anti-osteoporotic medicine consumption in Uzbekistan: A descriptive analysis Ziyodakhon Yusupova; Dilfuza Saipova
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2090

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is an increasing public health burden in Uzbekistan, driven by demographic changes and limited access to timely diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to identify key determinants influencing the consumption of anti-osteoporotic medicines (AOMs). Methodology: A multifactor analytical approach was applied using descriptive, grouping, and correlational methods, as well as compound annual growth rate (CAGR) analysis. Because the annual series deviated from normality, associations between variables were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ). As CAGR is a descriptive indicator, the statistical significance of temporal change was additionally evaluated using Spearman’s rank-based trend analysis. Results: Osteoporosis incidence increased by 95% between 2016 and 2024, with pronounced regional variability. The national CAGR was 9%, although the monotonic national time trend did not reach statistical significance (ρ = 0.533, p = 0.139). In RSSPMTO data, the correlation between annual population size and the combined number of osteoporosis/osteopenia cases was moderate when 2022 was included (ρ = 0.60, exact p = 0.350) and higher after exclusion of the 2022 peak (ρ = 0.80, exact p = 0.333). Still, neither association reached statistical significance, likely due to the small number of observations. Discussion: The findings indicate that medical, demographic, and technological factors, particularly limited diagnostic capacity and uneven regional detection, may influence AOMs consumption. Conclusion: Improving access to AOMs in Uzbekistan requires expanding densitometry services, implementing screening programs, and strengthening pharmaceutical policy through reference pricing, domestic production incentives, and price regulation.
Development and optimization of a mechlorethamine topical formulation utilizing a model drug bridging strategy and quality by design Hemil Shah; Prachi Pandey; Priyal Patel
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2095

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to develop a stable, clinically suitable topical mechlorethamine formulation using Quality by Design (QbD) principles to address chemical instability and cytotoxicity. The objectives were to establish a data-driven formulation design space, identify critical material attributes, and apply a surrogate active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) approach to ensure biological performance while enabling safe early-stage optimization. Methodology: A 2³ full factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) was employed to evaluate the effects of ethanol, isopropyl myristate (IPM), and Carbopol 974P on assay concentration, viscosity, and pH. Regression modeling and response surface analysis were used to define the formulation design space. Diclofenac sodium was used as a surrogate API to study matrix behavior prior to the incorporation of mechlorethamine. The optimized formulation was subjected to long-term, refrigerated, and accelerated stability studies. Results and Discussion: Carbopol 974P concentration was identified as the primary factor influencing viscosity, while assay concentration and pH remained stable across the design space. The optimized formulation (73% ethanol, 3% IPM, and 0.12% Carbopol 974P, pH 5.5) met all Quality Target Product Profile criteria. Bridging studies demonstrated comparable physicochemical properties between surrogate and mechlorethamine-loaded formulations, indicating excipient-driven performance. Under ICH stability conditions, the optimized formulation retained 98.3% assay after 3 months at 40°C/75% RH (0.9% loss), with total impurities remaining at 0.19% (NMT 0.5%), stable viscosity (40–60 cps), controlled pH (5.51–5.53), and no physical instability. Conclusion: The QbD-driven approach enabled the development of a stable, reproducible, and biologically effective topical mechlorethamine formulation suitable for scale-up and regulatory advancement.
A scientific data-driven comprehensive review on seven prevalent species under Acacia (Fabaceae): insights into phytochemical investigation and pharmacological potentials Shreetama Roy; Amrita Ghosh; Milan Jana; Jyochhana Priya Mohanty; Nihar Ranjan Bhuyan
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2116

Abstract

Background: In traditional medicine, plants are important. For ages, various medicinal plants have been used for traditional medicine formulations, many of which are still in use today. There are many species under the genus Acacia that are important for medicine, most of which are found in Asia. Numerous species in the genus Acacia have long been used to treat a range of conditions, from mild ailments to serious cancers. Several species in this genus have been used in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations and have achieved commercial success due to their versatile medicinal properties. Methodology: The review followed the in-depth analysis of seven prevalent Acacia species. After screening an initial pool of approximately 500 articles on these species from sources such as PubMed and Scopus (2000–2026), around 120 publications were selected based on inclusion criteria (e.g., a focus on phytochemistry/pharmacology). This timeline highlights the novelty of the review while documenting emerging findings. Result and Discussion: Numerous studies in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology have demonstrated the positive therapeutic properties of substances such as betulin, catechin, diosgenin, kaempferol, and others for illnesses. In addition, numerous novel compounds with intriguing bioactivities have been disclosed by researchers. Conclusion: The species' pharmacological investigations and phytochemical analyses have been addressed and explained. In addition, botanical description and traditional applications are briefly discussed. The isolated compounds and their biological activities are discussed. All things considered, the genus Acacia emerges as a notable source of bioactive molecules with significant potential for pharmacognostical and drug development research in the years to come, especially in oncology.
Synthesis, spectral characterization, and in vitro anticancer evaluation of novel Flavanone-arylhydrazone derivatives Reena Singh; Yogesh Murti
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2125

Abstract

Background: Flavanones are naturally occurring scaffolds with diverse pharmacological activities, including anticancer potential. Structural modification through hydrazone incorporation may enhance their biological properties and support the development of new therapeutic leads for breast cancer. Methodology: A series of nine flavanone-arylhydrazone derivatives was synthesized via condensation of substituted flavanones with phenylhydrazines under reflux conditions. The structures were confirmed using IR, ¹H NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay, with tamoxifen as the reference drug. Results and Discussion: All synthesized compounds exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitro and halogen groups, showed relatively enhanced activity. Compounds 3 and 1 demonstrated the lowest IC₅₀ values (33–44 µM), indicating comparatively higher potency within the series. However, only modest differences in activity were observed among derivatives, suggesting that electronic effects alone do not fully govern cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Flavanone-arylhydrazone hybrids represent a promising scaffold for anticancer drug development. While electron-withdrawing substituents contribute to activity, the overall structure–activity relationship appears to be influenced by multiple physicochemical factors. Further mechanistic and in vivo studies are required to establish their therapeutic potential.
Analytical profiling and antioxidant characterization of flavonoids from himalayan black soybean (Glycine max) Pramod Kumbhar; Chandraprabhu Jangme; Mohini Salunke; Balaji Wakure
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2131

Abstract

Background: Black soybean is a leguminous crop of great phytochemical interest and importance in traditional systems due to its alleged health-promoting effects. To a great extent, these advantages are attributed to its flavonoid content, a class of polyphenols known for their strong antioxidant properties. This research was part of a significant task: conducting a comprehensive phytochemical characterization of the flavonoid profile in black soybean seeds and assessing their respective antioxidant potential in vitro. Methodology: Flavonoids were extracted from authentic seeds using 70% aqueous ethanol. UV-Vis, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to elucidate the extract's functional groups and structure. Specific flavonoids (rutin, quercetin) were analyzed quantitatively by use of validated HPLC. In the determination of total flavonoid content, a spectrometric method was used. The DPPH radical-scavenging assay was used to determine antioxidant activity. Results and Discussion: Spectroscopic studies revealed the presence of typical flavone/flavonol skeletons. The HPLC quantification illustrated good method performance. The TFC was 5.91 mg QE/g extract. The extract exhibited high dose-dependent scavenging activity against the DPPH radical. High TFC was strongly correlated with antioxidant activity, confirming the bioactive capacity of black soybean, known for its flavanol-rich flavonoids. Conclusion: The results are scientifically confirmed: black soybean is rich in bioactive flavonoids with high antioxidant capacity and can therefore be used as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical to treat oxidative stress.
Design and evaluation of sustained-release vildagliptin tablets using natural plant mucilages as functional polymers Poonam Taru; T. S. Shanmugarajan; E. Bhavya
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2132

Abstract

Background: Natural plant-derived mucilages are gaining attention as biodegradable and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic polymers in sustained-release drug delivery systems. This study focuses on the development of prolonged-release matrix tablets of Vildagliptin using mucilages from Mimosa pudica seeds and Tinospora sinensis stems for improved glycemic control in type II diabetes mellitus. Methodology: Mucilages were extracted by aqueous extraction and evaluated for physicochemical properties. The swelling index ranged from 250–280%, with a near-neutral pH (6.5–7.0). Matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression and assessed for hardness (5.2–6.1 kg/cm²), friability (<1%), weight variation, and drug content (98.2–101.4%). In vitro drug release studies were conducted for 12 hours. Drug–polymer compatibility was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, and release kinetics were evaluated using mathematical models. Results and Discussion: FTIR analysis confirmed the absence of drug–polymer interactions. The optimized formulation showed 96.8% cumulative drug release over 12 hours, indicating effective sustained-release performance. The release followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R² = 0.97) with anomalous (non-Fickian) transport, suggesting a combination of diffusion and polymer erosion mechanisms. The combination of the two mucilages demonstrated superior release control compared to either polymer alone. Conclusion: Mimosa pudica and Tinospora sinensis mucilages exhibit strong potential as natural matrix-forming agents for sustained-release formulations of Vildagliptin, providing a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to synthetic polymers.
Improving the biopharmaceutical performance of azole antifungals: a comparative study of solid dispersion and co-crystallization of ketoconazole and itraconazole Payal Dasgupta; Bipul Nath; Apurba Talukdar; Atanu Sarma; Sidhartha Jyoti Bora
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2144

Abstract

Background: Oral bioavailability of BCS class II azole antifungals, ketoconazole and itraconazole, is hampered by low aqueous solubility. Improving solubility and dissolution is necessary for greater therapeutic efficacy. This research compared two approaches: solid dispersion and pharmaceutical co-crystallization to improve their biopharmaceutical properties. Methodology: Solid dispersions were prepared using the organic solvent evaporation technique with PEG-10000 for ketoconazole and HPMCE50 for itraconazole. Co-crystals with benzoic and tartaric acids were studied by FT-IR, DSC, and PXRD. Optimized formulations were compressed into tablets and analyzed for pharmacopoeial parameters, dissolution, release kinetics, and ICH stability. Results and Discussion: Saturation solubility investigations revealed that, compared to amorphization, solid dispersions exhibited more efficient enhancement due to the combined effect of amorphous enrichment and polymer solubilization. Tartaric acid co-crystals could increase solubility by crystal lattice modification. cc-Tabs showed burst release profiles, while SDs gave controlled drug release. The release of drug was in accordance with the first-order and Korsmeyer–Peppas models with anomalous transport, and was sustained for six months. The low aqueous solubility of azole antifungals restricts their oral bioavailability. The solubility and dissolution of ketoconazole and itraconazole were enhanced by solid dispersion and co-crystallization. Solid dispersions provided superior amorphous stability and extended-release, while co-crystals led to faster initial dissolution and better early drug availability. Conclusion: Both approaches were successful in improving solubility, dissolution, and stability. Both SDs modulated drug release kinetics; sustained-release profiles were obtained from the solid dispersions, and fast dissolution was favored by co-crystallization, thus providing both as viable approaches for oral delivery of poorly soluble azole antifungals.

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