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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
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Articles 514 Documents
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Anxiolytic activity of methanolic leaf extracts of Amaranthus cruentus Linn. and Rumex acetosa Linn. in mice Chitra Govind Rajput; Sachinkumar Vasantarao Patil; Pallavi Abhijeet Patil
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.1994

Abstract

Background: The current study aims to define the anti-anxiety properties of the leaves of Amaranthus cruentus Linn. and Rumex acetosa Linn. Methodology: Soxhlet extraction was used to extract the leaves of Rumex acetosa Linn and Amaranthus cruentus Linn. FTIR and GC-MS were used to investigate the fraction. The elevated plus maze test (EMPT) was used to assess the antianxiety property of methanolic extracts at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in Swiss albino mice. Results and discussion: Alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, amino acid flavonoids, carbohydrates, and phenolic tannins are found in both extracts. The percentage yields of petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts were 2.4%, 3.6%, and 10% for Amaranthus cruentus, and 2.1%, 3.2%, and 8% for Rumex acetosa, respectively. Amaranthus cruentus extracts were associated with significant increases (P < 0.05) in the amount of time and the number of entries in open arms. Open arm entries (p < 0.01) and time spent in the open arm (p < 0.01) were both increased by 200 mg/kg of Rumex acetosa Linn extract, while 400 mg/kg increased both of these variables (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, activity rises in tandem with the dosage of Rumex acetosa Linn extract. In EMPT, diazepam (2 mg/kg) significantly increased open arm entries (22.67) and time spent in open arms (3.273 min), while decreasing closed arm entries (6.33) and time spent in closed arms (1.582 min) compared to the control group, confirming its potent anxiolytic activity. Conclusion: The methanolic extracts of both plants exhibit significant anxiolytic properties.
Quinoxaline amino derivatives as potential EGFR-targeted therapeutics in breast cancer: computational exploration Abitha H; D. Kumudha; Bhuvaneswari Sivaraman; M. K. Kathiravan
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2008

Abstract

Background: Despite resistance to current tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which makes the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) a recognized therapeutic target in breast cancer, there is a need for novel inhibitors. Quinoxaline compounds are a promising scaffold for next-generation EGFR inhibitors and exhibit favorable pharmacological properties. Methodology: Ten new amino quinoxaline derivatives (QN1–QN10) were systematically developed and assessed by a comprehensive in silico approach. Molecular docking was conducted on the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 4HJO) utilizing Glide XP, with erlotinib serving as the reference ligand. Drug-likeness, oral bioavailability, and synthetic accessibility were evaluated using SwissADME, whereas pkCSM predicted ADMET characteristics. The most effective candidate was subsequently corroborated by 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations utilizing GROMACS 2021.1, succeeded by MM-GBSA binding free energy assessments. Results and Discussion: According to docking data, QN8 proved the most promising inhibitor. It showed stable hydrogen bonding with key EGFR hinge residues (MET769 and ASP831) and a high binding affinity (−9.305 kcal/mol), comparable to erlotinib (−9.501 kcal/mol). Consistent RMSD and RMSF profiles from MD simulations corroborated the structural stability of the QN8–EGFR complex. According to MM-GBSA analysis, the van der Waals, lipophilic, and electrostatic contributions were the main drivers of the favorable binding free energy (-73.63 kcal/mol). Pharmacokinetic predictions showed adequate ADMET properties and good oral absorption. Conclusion: This exhaustive computational analysis highlights amino quinoxaline derivatives as promising leads for developing breast cancer drugs, identifying QN8 as a strong EGFR inhibitor with stable binding dynamics and favorable drug-like properties.
Biochemical characterization, GC-MS metabolite profiling, and heavy metals assessment of Rokshi: safety assessment and nutritional potential of a traditional fermented rice beverage of Monpa tribe Rosamund Jyrwa; Ananta Choudhury; Andian Ari Anggraeni
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2015

Abstract

Background: Rokshi is a traditional fermented rice beverage widely consumed by the Monpa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, a Northeastern State in India, with cultural, nutritional, and biochemical significance. Methodology: Standard analytical methods were employed to determine pH, alcohol content, total acidity, viscosity, and antioxidant properties. Microbial count was assessed using the plate count method. Metabolite profiling and heavy metals analysis were conducted using GC-MS and ICP-OES, respectively. Results and Discussion: Rokshi were reported to be acidic and rich in metabolically important compounds. One-month-old Rokshi beverage showed increased alcohol content (7.54% v/v) as compared to fresh Rokshi beverage (2.59% v/v), with a pH of 4.10 (fresh), which decreased to 3.09 during storage. Total acidity increased from 0.58% to 0.78% after one month of storage. Total flavonoid and phenolic content were 0.205 mg QE/mL and 0.928 mg GAE/mL, respectively, with moderate antioxidant activity. Microbial load decreased in the starter culture (2.15 log CFU/mL) to 0.55 log CFU/mL in the final product. GC-MS analysis identified 28 metabolites, predominantly amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and alcohol. Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni) were also detected, within the maximum permissible limit, and TTHQ values (<1) indicated no significant non-carcinogenic risk at 250 mL/day consumption. Conclusion: The current study showed that Rokshi holds promise for its nutritional and biochemical properties and has moderate antioxidant potential. The presence of a few biogenic amines and trace contaminants emphasizes the need for purification and further toxicological validation to ensure consumer safety and promote nutraceutical applications for commercial use as a functional fermented beverage.
Protective effects of Pithecellobium dulce seed extract on sodium fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in rats Babbanna Yelugudari; Bhaskar Nagilla; Pratap Reddy Karnati
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2027

Abstract

Background: According to epidemiological research, fluoride is a developmental neurotoxicant that lowers children's IQ scores. Fluoride induces oxidative stress in the brain, which can cause histological damage. This study aims to test the antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract of Pithecellobium dulce seeds. Methodology: By using different in vivo assays such as inhibition of DPPH activity in plasma, Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the brain, and histology of the cerebral cortex on days 1, 10, 20, and 30 with both Hematoxylin &Eosin and Cresyl violet stains. Results and Discussion: The methanolic extract of P dulce seeds significantly enhances GPx activity in a dose-dependent manner, effectively countering oxidative stress and providing neuroprotective benefits against fluoride-induced neurodegeneration. Results also showed the strong antioxidative potential of PDME, particularly in mitigating NaF-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by sustained high DPPH radical-scavenging activity in the treated groups over time. An H&E histology study highlights the neuroprotective effects of PDME against NaF-induced neurodegeneration, demonstrating that PDME treatment significantly reduces neuronal loss and preserves cellular integrity, particularly at higher doses. Cresyl violet stain demonstrates that PDME has a neuroprotective effect against NaF-induced neurotoxicity, as evidenced by the preservation of neuronal morphology and Nissl substance. The study demonstrates that the methanolic extract of Pithecellobium dulce seeds exhibits significant antioxidant activity, effectively counteracting fluoride-induced neurotoxicity and preserving neuronal integrity by enhancing glutathione peroxidase activity and improving histological outcomes. Conclusion: These findings suggest that P. dulce may serve as a potential neuroprotective agent against fluoride-related cognitive impairments.
Polyherbal–antibiotic synergy: a review on mechanistic insights into polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids for enhancing antimicrobial efficacy Neelakshi Sharma; Bipul Nath; Trishna Das; Manas Jyoti Kapil; Amaryllis Langbang
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2028

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most important threats to global public health, accelerating as conventional antibiotics lose efficacy. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae use a variety of resistance mechanisms, including enzymatic drug degradation, efflux pump activation, and biofilm formation. The declining pipeline of newly approved antibiotics highlights the need for alternative and adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Methodology: This review critically summarizes studies that analyze polyherbal–antibiotic combinations and their synergistic antimicrobial effects. A systematic review of recent literature on the role of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and polyphenolic compounds, in potentiating antibiotic efficacy and reducing antibiotic resistance was conducted. Results and Discussion: Integrative synergetic interactions were strongly evidenced between antibiotics and plant-derived phytochemicals. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) synergizes with β-lactam for common resistant strains, and berberine inhibits efflux pumps to enhance antibiotic activity. A wide range of flavonoids and polyphenolic extracts have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity, with mechanisms involving membrane disruption, biofilm inhibition, and interference with quorum-sensing pathways, thereby promoting multifaceted action. Conclusion: Synergy between polyherbal treatment and antibiotics is an innovative approach to combat AMR and should be prioritized. This approach highlights various leads for future antimicrobial therapeutics by combining traditional ethnopharmacological knowledge with innovative pharmaceutical paradigms.
Phytochemical evaluation and in-vitro anti-bacterial and antioxidant effect of extract of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera Kanchan Mathur; Reena Gupta
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2029

Abstract

Background: This study investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties of extracts from Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera. Achyranthes aspera exhibited 65.864 % inhibition with an IC50 value of 31.056 µg/mL, and Solanum xanthocarpum showed 55.385% inhibition with an IC50 value of 51.920 µg/mL. Methodology: The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was determined using the well diffusion method. Result and Discussion: The TPC of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera extracts were 77.80 mg  GAE/g and 98.40 mg GAE/g, respectively, while the TFC were 82.66 mg RE/g and 136.66 mg RE/g. In the DPPH assay, Achyranthes aspera exhibited 65.864 % inhibition with an IC50 value of 31.056 µg/ml, and Solanum xanthocarpum showed 55.385% inhibition with an IC50 value of 51.920 µg/mL. The reducing power assay indicated significant antioxidant potential, especially for Achyranthes aspera. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans MTCC 389 revealed that Achyranthes aspera exhibited a maximum inhibition zone of 23±1.732 mm. At the same time, Solanum xanthocarpum showed a maximum inhibition zone of 20±1 mm at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Conclusion: The extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum and Achyranthes aspera demonstrate significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, highlighting their potential as natural sources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Further research is needed to isolate bioactive components, elucidate their mechanisms of action, and assess their potential cytotoxic effects on human cells.
Design, development and optimization of tedizolid phosphate carbopol based emulgel for skin drug delivery Madhavi Nimmathota; Sravani Chokkarapu; Akshitha Tirumali; Umamaheshwara Rao Vattikuti
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2031

Abstract

Background: Tedizolid phosphate (TZP) is effective against Gram-positive pathogens. It is used most widely in skin infections. Currently, there is no development of emulgels with this novel antibiotic molecule. Hence, the current research focused on developing emulgels for effective topical antimicrobial action to overcome disadvantages associated with oral drug delivery. Methodology: The drug spectroscopic method was developed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The o/w emulsions were prepared and incorporated into a gel base to form an emulgel. The prepared emulgels were subjected to physicochemical, IR spectral, antimicrobial, and biophysical analysis. Results and Discussion: Physical examination revealed clear emulgel texture for all test formulations, with maximum spreadability and rheology for carbopol 934 compared to HPMCK 15 and sodium CMC bases. The optimized carbopol 934-based EF7 formulation showed 86% in vitro drug release and 73% ex vivo drug release in 12 hours, respectively. The FTIR studies clearly indicate no incompatibility among the drug and excipients. All physicochemical parameters confirmed controlled release, and FTIR studies confirmed no incompatibility. The optimized emulgel showed good bacterial growth inhibition, and pathological studies confirmed the absence of alteration of porcine ear skin structure. Conclusion: The results indicate that the optimized formulation is suitable for the treatment of acute skin infection.
An in silico network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulations study of engeletin in ischemic stroke with computational prioritisation of NOS2 Manga Devi Chinta; Santhrani Thakur
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2050

Abstract

Background: Engeletin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in experimental stroke models. However, the molecular interactome underlying its multitarget actions in ischemic stroke remains insufficiently characterized. Methodology: An integrated in silico workflow was applied to identify stroke-relevant targets of engeletin, combining target prediction, protein–protein interaction analysis, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment, and engeletin–target–pathway network construction. Network topology metrics were used to prioritize targets for downstream structure-based analyses. Docking was performed on short-listed targets, and selected protein–ligand complexes were further evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess binding stability. In silico ADME profiling was conducted to contextualize translational considerations. Results and Discussion: Nineteen targets were identified through a confidence-driven overlap strategy. Degree-based network filtering short-listed 11 targets for docking. Multi-centrality convergence across protein–protein interaction and engeletin–target–pathway networks prioritized six influential hubs (PTGS2, CASP3, NOS2, MMP9, JAK2, and EGFR) implicated in inflammatory, apoptotic, and vascular regulation. Functional enrichment analyses highlighted interconnected inflammatory–immune, vascular, and metabolic stress pathways, with KEGG pathways interpreted as nominally enriched. Docking and MD analyses differentiated dynamically stable interactions from network-level co-modulated hubs, with engeletin exhibiting the most stable binding to NOS2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase). Conclusion: Integration of network pharmacology with structure-based analyses prioritizes NOS2-centered modulation and relaxin-associated vascular signaling as testable mechanisms for future experimental validation of engeletin in ischemic stroke.
Design and characterization of a mucoadhesive nanoparticle-loaded thermo-responsive in-situ nasal gel for enhanced brain delivery of an antimigraine drug Mansi Butola; Vikash Jakhmola
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2063

Abstract

Background: Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder that requires rapid and effective drug delivery to the brain. Conventional oral and parenteral therapies are associated with delayed onset of action, low patient compliance, limited central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and hepatic first-pass metabolism. This study aimed to develop a thermoresponsive, mucoadhesive, nanoparticle-loaded nasal in situ gel to enhance brain delivery of an antimigraine drug. Methodology: Drug-loaded nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation and incorporated into a thermo-sensitive nasal in situ gel via the cold method. Results and Discussion: The optimized nanoparticle formulation (NP13) exhibited a small particle size (154.3 nm), acceptable polydispersity index (0.3485), positive zeta potential (22.79 mV), high entrapment efficiency (89.09%), drug loading (14.33%), and sustained drug release (90.26%). The developed in situ gel showed optimal pH (6.8), suitable gelling temperature (28–34 °C), viscosity (556 cp), entrapment efficiency (85%), drug content (95.82%), in vitro drug release (88.89 ± 0.98%), and ex vivo permeation (85.24 ± 0.67%) over 10 hours. Histopathological studies confirmed minimal nasal mucosal irritation compared to the drug solution and isopropyl alcohol. MTT assay results demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, with SS-NPs ISG4 showing higher cell viability than the free drug, indicating reduced cytotoxicity due to nanoparticle encapsulation. Blank nanoparticles exhibited maximum cell survival, confirming carrier biocompatibility. Conclusion: The developed nanoparticle-loaded nasal in situ gel demonstrated promising safety, biocompatibility, and enhanced delivery potential, validating its suitability for intranasal migraine therapy.
Isolation, alkaline extraction, and characterization of starch from mango seeds for pharmaceutical applications Meenakshi Bharkatiya; Pooja P. Dhanawade; Nitin H. Salunkhe
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2066

Abstract

Background: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed is an abundant agro-waste with potential as a sustainable biopolymer source. This study explores the conversion of mango seed waste into high-purity starch and evaluates its physicochemical, structural, and functional properties for pharmaceutical applications. Methodology: The starch extracted from mango seeds by the alkaline method was subjected to phytochemical screening, physicochemical evaluation, flow property analysis, and advanced characterization techniques, including ATR-FTIR, NMR, SEM, XRD, DSC, and mass spectrometry. Results and discussion: The extraction process yielded 40% (w/w) starch. Phytochemical screening confirmed the exclusive presence of carbohydrates, indicating high purity. The starch exhibited a high amylopectin content (98.47%) and a low amylose content (1.53%), indicating a highly branched structure. Moisture content was low (0.80%), while the swelling index reached 180%, demonstrating excellent water absorption. The pH was slightly acidic (6.12 ± 0.07), and flow properties were acceptable based on bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio. SEM showed oval and irregular granules sized 10–22 μm. ATR-FTIR and NMR confirmed polysaccharide structures, XRD revealed A-type crystallinity, DSC showed thermal degradation at 326 °C with an enthalpy of 29.63 J/g, and mass spectrometry indicated glucose polymer fragmentation. Conclusion: Mango seed starch demonstrates high purity with trace residual lipids/proteins detected by spectroscopic analysis, favorable functional properties, and structural stability, supporting its potential as a sustainable and effective excipient for pharmaceutical formulations.

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