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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 514 Documents
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Formulation, optimization and characterization of apremilast-loaded nanosponges for potential topical wound management applications Purnima Rai; Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2153

Abstract

Background: Topical drug delivery systems provide site-specific therapy with reduced systemic exposure. Nanosponges have emerged as promising carriers owing to their porous structure, enabling improved drug stability, bioavailability, and sustained release. Apremilast, a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, has potential for topical wound management when formulated as a controlled-release delivery system. Methods: Apremilast-loaded nanosponges were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion method using Ethyl Cellulose (EC) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). A 3² factorial design was used to optimize the EC: PVA ratio and sonication time. Formulations were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and surface morphology. Characterization included UV spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and SEM. Drug release kinetics were analyzed using mathematical models. Results: Preformulation studies confirmed drug purity and compatibility with excipients. The optimized formulation (NS8) exhibited a particle size of 213.85 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 82.75%, a zeta potential of −33.3 mV, and a sustained drug release of 95.85% over 24 h. SEM revealed spherical porous nanosponges, while FTIR, XRD, and DSC confirmed drug integrity and formulation stability. Response surface analysis demonstrated significant effects of formulation variables on performance. Drug release followed the Higuchi model (R² = 0.987), and the Korsmeyer–Peppas exponent (n = 0.58) indicated anomalous non-Fickian diffusion. Conclusion: Apremilast-loaded nanosponges demonstrated sustained drug release, excellent stability, and favorable physicochemical characteristics, indicating their potential as an effective topical delivery system for wound management. Further ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical studies are required to confirm therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Advances in herbal and synthetic transferosomes: routes, formulation challenges and comparative performance Dattatreya; Vijaykumar Meti; Sai Teja K; Parwati V Naikar
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2167

Abstract

Background: Transferosomes are ultra-deformable vesicular carriers widely investigated for enhancing drug delivery across biological barriers. Both herbal and synthetic transferosomes have gained attention for improving permeability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. However, a comparative understanding of their formulation strategies, therapeutic performance, and associated challenges remains limited. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to compare herbal and synthetic transferosomes. A total of 100 research and review articles were analyzed, including 50 studies each on herbal and synthetic formulations. Data were categorized based on formulation benefits, challenges, routes of administration, and dosage forms, and analyzed to determine the frequency of these parameters. Results and Discussion: Synthetic transferosomes exhibited higher permeability (30%), stability (18%), solubility (10%), and vesicle deformability (13%) due to their defined composition and controlled formulation. However, scalability 27%, vesicle size control, and encapsulation efficiency remained major challenges. Herbal transferosomes demonstrated improved bioavailability (20%) and drug delivery efficiency (18%), likely due to the synergistic effects of phytoconstituents. Nevertheless, they showed greater extract variability (28%) and formulation instability (18%). Transdermal delivery was the predominant route, accounting for 80% of herbal and 65% of synthetic formulations, with gels being the most common dosage form. Conclusion: Synthetic transferosomes provide better formulation control and reproducibility, whereas herbal systems offer enhanced therapeutic potential. Optimization of formulation parameters and stability is essential to improve the translational applicability of both systems.
Design, optimization and evaluation of an ion-triggered in situ nasal gel of selegiline for antidepressant therapy Antesh Kumar Jha; Shiv Kumar Srivastava; Mahesh Prasad; Shashi Shankar; Abhishek Kumar Singh
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2170

Abstract

Background: Oral delivery of selegiline is limited by extensive first-pass metabolism, low and variable bioavailability, and restricted brain access due to the blood–brain barrier. Intranasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive strategy for direct nose-to-brain transport. The present study aimed to design, optimize, and evaluate an ion-triggered in situ nasal gel of selegiline using sodium alginate and HPMC to potentiate brain delivery and antidepressant efficacy. Methodology: Preliminary screening was performed using the Plackett–Burman design to identify critical formulation variables. Further optimization was carried out using the Box–Behnken design with sodium alginate (0.5–2% w/v), HPMC (0.5–1% w/v), and CaCl₂ (10–50 mM) as independent variables. The optimized formulation was evaluated for physicochemical properties, rheology, gelation time, gel strength, mucoadhesive strength, in vitro and ex vivo drug release, histopathology, in vivo antidepressant activity, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (1.25% sodium alginate, 0.75% HPMC, 30 mM CaCl₂) exhibited suitable sol viscosity (~150 mPa·s), rapid gelation (~34 s), adequate gel strength (~350 g), and good mucoadhesive strength (~3140 dyne/cm²). Sustained drug release (~98% in 8 h in vitro; ~94% in 6 h ex vivo) was achieved. The formulation was non-irritant to nasal mucosa, showed enhanced antidepressant activity in vivo, and remained stable for 3 months under stability studies. Conclusion: The optimized sodium alginate–HPMC ion-triggered in situ nasal gel of selegiline offers a safe, stable, and effective nose-to-brain delivery system with sustained release and improved antidepressant activity, making it a promising alternative to oral therapy.
Green solvent-assisted development of UV-spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods for telmisartan and efonidipine HCl ethanolate M. S. Kotkar; S. B. Dighe; M. F. Ansari; S. P. Mankar; R. K. Godge
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2178

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular disorder requiring effective therapeutic strategies. Telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, and Efonidipine HCl Ethanolate, a calcium channel blocker, are often co‑administered for synergistic blood pressure control. To ensure the quality and efficacy of pharmaceutical formulations, it is essential to develop simple, precise, and eco-friendly analytical methods for their simultaneous estimation and validation in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Methodology: Two UV spectroscopic methods and one RP‑HPLC method were developed and validated. Method A employed the simultaneous equation approach using absorbance values at 297 nm and 251 nm, corresponding to the λmax of Telmisartan and Efonidipine, respectively. Method B utilized the area under the curve (AUC) method for simultaneous quantification. The RP‑HPLC method was performed on an Agilent C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic elution using ethanol and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water (85:15 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min, and detection was at 253 nm. Results and Discussion: All three methods demonstrated excellent linearity, precision, and accuracy within validated ranges. Recovery studies confirmed reliability, with values within acceptable limits. The UV method (Greenness score 92) is slightly greener than HPLC (Greenness score 88), with both demonstrating excellent eco-friendly performance. The UV methods offer rapid and economical screening, while RP‑HPLC ensures high sensitivity and specificity. The use of ethanol as a green solvent supports eco‑friendly pharmaceutical analysis. Conclusion: Validated UV and RP‑HPLC methods were successfully developed for simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan and Efonidipine HCl Ethanolate. These approaches are robust, precise, economical, and environmentally sustainable for routine quality control in pharmaceutical dosage.
Bilayer mucoadhesive intrauterine delivery platform for sustained platelet-derived extracellular vesicle release to promote endometrial regeneration and improve implantation outcomes Rajaganapathy Kaliyaperumal; Srinivasan R; Kalaivanan Seeni; Vignesh Sekar
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2180

Abstract

Background: Endometrial dysfunction remains a major cause of implantation failure and infertility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from platelet-rich plasma have shown regenerative potential; however, their clinical application is limited by rapid clearance and poor retention within the uterine cavity. Methodology: A bilayer mucoadhesive intrauterine delivery platform was developed for sustained release of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles. The bilayer system consisted of a mucoadhesive EV-loaded layer and a protective anti-adhesion layer. Physicochemical characterization, EV release kinetics, and mucoadhesion properties were evaluated. In vitro wound healing, cell proliferation, and gene expression studies were performed. In vivo efficacy was assessed through histological evaluation of endometrial thickness and implantation outcomes. Results and Discussion: The bilayer platform demonstrated sustained extracellular vesicle release for up to 120 h with minimal initial burst release. Enhanced cell migration and proliferation, along with upregulation of endometrial receptivity markers including LIF, HOXA10, Integrin αV/β3, and IGFBP1, were observed. In vivo studies revealed significant improvement in endometrial thickness and implantation sites in the EV-Pad group compared to controls. The sustained release of EVs improved endometrial regeneration and enhanced implantation potential. The bilayer design demonstrated improved local retention characteristics and enhanced regenerative responses compared with free EV administration under experimental conditions. Conclusion: The developed bilayer mucoadhesive intrauterine delivery system provides a promising strategy for sustained EV delivery and improved endometrial regeneration, supporting its potential as a preclinical platform for sustained intrauterine regenerative delivery.
Design, optimization of bio flexible films of sumatriptan succinate and naproxen sodium via oro trans soft palatal delivery Srishti Morris; Ashutosh Badola; Nidhi Gairola; Mahendra Prajapati
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2185

Abstract

Background: Bio-flexible films are polymeric drug delivery systems designed to enhance systemic drug absorption through the oral mucosa. This study aimed to develop and optimize bio-flexible, mucoadhesive films containing Sumatriptan Succinate and Naproxen Sodium for oro-trans soft-palatal delivery. The drug combination provides rapid and sustained therapeutic effects for migraine management. Methodology: Bio-flexible films were prepared by solvent casting using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E15), HPMC K100, and glycerine. A Box–Behnken Design was employed to optimize the formulation by evaluating three independent variables and five dependent responses. Films were characterized for thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, disintegration time, swelling index, drug content, ex vivo permeation, and in vitro drug release. Drug release kinetics were analyzed using mathematical models. Results and Discussion: All formulations exhibited satisfactory physicochemical and mechanical properties. The optimized formulation showed a disintegration time of 153 s, with cumulative drug release of 96.33% for Sumatriptan Succinate and 94.00% for Naproxen Sodium within 40 min. The optimized film demonstrated adequate mechanical strength, uniform drug content, acceptable swelling behavior, and enhanced ex vivo permeation. Drug release followed the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. Conclusion: The optimized bio-flexible mucoadhesive film demonstrated rapid drug release and efficient ex vivo permeation, indicating its potential as a patient-friendly platform for oro-trans soft palatal delivery of Sumatriptan Succinate and Naproxen Sodium. Further in vivo studies are required to confirm its clinical potential.
A review on skin aging: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies Parwati V. Naikar; Revati D. Sagare; Mallikarjun; Dattatreya; Pratiksha Akki
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2238

Abstract

Background: Skin aging is a complex process driven by multiple factors. In addition to hereditary factors and cellular aging, exposure to sunlight, air pollution, and lifestyle factors are extrinsic factors that stress the skin. Skin aging involves multiple biological processes influenced by both internal factors (age, skin type, cellular aging) and external factors such as ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, and lifestyle. These cause various changes in appearance, function, and structure. Methodology: An extensive search of the published scientific literature on the mechanisms of skin aging and anti-aging treatments was conducted. Articles related to oxidative stress, inflammation, ECM degradation, melanogenesis, and signaling pathways, including MAPK, NF-κB, Nrf2, TGF-/Smad, and mTOR, were critically reviewed. Results and Discussion: The evidence indicates that skin aging is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA lesions, persistent inflammation, collagen lysis, and defective cellular regenerative processes. Current novel interventions, including antioxidants, senolytics, stem cell therapy, telomere-shifting, epigenetic-modifying approaches, and Mitochondrial therapy directed toward mitophagy, have shown noteworthy effects in reducing the progression of skin aging. Also, herbal topical preparations containing bioactive phytoconstituents have proven to be a safe and effective modality. Conclusion: Skin aging is a result of an intricate network of cross-interrelated intrinsic and extrinsic factors involving various molecular pathways. Novel, more effective, and safer therapeutic approaches and preparations of bioactive herbal formulations appear promising for treating skin aging.
Quality by design based optimization and physicochemical characterization of flucytosine nanoemulsion Rajat Srivastava; Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2247

Abstract

Background: The rise of pathogenic fungi capable of infecting people is a major public health problem. Flucytosine is an effective antifungal agent, but its clinical use is constrained by rapid clearance and dose-related adverse effects. Nanoemulsion-based systems offer a promising strategy for drug delivery and therapeutic performance. The objective of this work was to develop and optimize a flucytosine-loaded nanoemulsion using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach based on the Box-Behnken design, and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics. Methodology: A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize formulation factors, including lipid concentration, Smix (surfactant-to-cosurfactant) ratio, and homogenization time, using high-speed homogenization. The impacts on particle size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency (EE) were investigated. UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to assess the compatibility and stability of the improved formulation (F11) with the chosen excipients. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (F11) had a particle size of 318.18 nm and a PDI of 0.136, a zeta potential of -22.2 mV, and high entrapment efficiency (96.36%), indicating good stability and uniformity. Preformulation and compatibility studies confirmed the absence of drug-excipient interactions. Statistical analysis demonstrated that formulation variables significantly influenced critical quality attributes. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that QbD-driven optimization can successfully develop a stable and efficient flucytosine nanoemulsion with enhanced drug-loading capacity and potential to improve antifungal therapy. However, further studies, including in vitro drug release, in vivo evaluation, long-term stability, and clinical validation, are required to confirm its performance in drug delivery applications.
Comparative pharmacological and clinical review of selected herbal antihypertensive agents in hypertension management Hemanga Mazumdar; Mrinmoy Basak
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.2251

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a major global health concern and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Limitations associated with conventional antihypertensive therapy, including poor compliance, adverse effects, and inadequate blood pressure control, have increased interest in herbal agents possessing multitarget pharmacological actions and improved safety profiles. Methodology: A comparative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases to identify relevant studies published between 2020 and 2026. Approximately 130 articles were screened, of which 80 relevant experimental studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses were included for comparative evaluation of the antihypertensive effects, mechanisms, phytochemical profiles, and clinical relevance of selected herbal agents. Result and Discussion: Garlic (Allium sativum) demonstrated the strongest clinical evidence with consistent reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure through ACE inhibition, nitric oxide enhancement, and antioxidant effects. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) showed predominantly experimental evidence, with limited clinical evidence, of calcium channel blockade and vascular relaxation. Rauwolfia serpentina exhibited potent antihypertensive efficacy but was limited by neuropsychiatric adverse effects, whereas Terminalia arjuna provided moderate antihypertensive and cardioprotective benefits. Conclusion: Herbal antihypertensive agents exhibit mechanism-specific and stage-dependent therapeutic potential and may serve as supportive interventions in early-stage hypertension and cardiovascular comorbidities. However, the lack of standardization and limited long-term clinical evidence remain major limitations that require further investigation.
Enhanced selectivity in alpelisib quantification in human plasma: a validated LC-MS/MS method with deuterated internal standard Venkateswararao Agraharapu; Venkata Rao Vutla; Vidyadhara Suryadevara
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.2268

Abstract

Background: To enhance efficacy and manage dose-limiting toxicities such as hyperglycemia, therapeutic drug monitoring of alpelisib (ALB), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) inhibitor used in advanced breast cancer, is essential. This study aimed to develop and validate a selective, sensitive, and high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of ALB in human plasma to support pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring. Methodology: Alpelisib-D3 was used as a deuterated internal standard (IS). Analytes were extracted from 50 µL of plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane and methyl tert-butyl ether (20:80, v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on an X-Terra RP8 column using an isocratic mobile phase of 5 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.00) and acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) at 0.4 mL/min. Detection was carried out in positive electrospray ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring of m/z 442.15→141.07 for ALB and m/z 445.36→144.05 for the IS. Validation included linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, carryover, dilution integrity, and stability. Results and discussion: The method was linear over 50.0–10,000 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision (CV%) was <4.2%, and accuracy ranged from 94.5% to 106.2%. Mean extraction recovery exceeded 90%, with no significant matrix effects. Carryover, stability, and dilution integrity also met acceptance criteria. Conclusion: A reliable, sensitive, and selective LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed and validated. The method is suitable for high-throughput pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of ALB in human plasma.

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