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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research
Published by Creative Pharma Assent
ISSN : -     EISSN : 23480335     DOI : 10.18231
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) is an official publication of Creative Pharma Assent (CPA). It is an open access, peer review online international journal. JOAPR is primarily focused on multiple discipline of pharmaceutical sciences (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Cosmetic Technology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Herbal drugs/ formulations, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest) which publish quarterly. JOAPR also includes evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients & their practical application to research & industry based efforts. The aim of the scientific journal, JOAPR is to present a wide area for the current researchers to share their noble works and ideas in terms of the research papers, review articles and short communications. JOAPR only publish the original research works with a definite innovation and novelty after thorough reviewing. The paper must have a suitable and proper scientific background.
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Articles 514 Documents
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Development, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation of HPMC E-15/Xanthan gum mucoadhesive buccal patch of telmisartan Hattaraki Shashank Shivanand; Preethi G.B; Shashank K; Subham Roy; Suhasini Rendale
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1887

Abstract

Background: Telmisartan, an antihypertensive drug, exhibits poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. Buccal delivery offers a potential alternative route to bypass first-pass metabolism and achieve sustained drug release for better blood pressure control, particularly in nocturnal hypertension. The aim of the work was to formulate and evaluate a Telmisartan mucoadhesive buccal patch for sustained drug delivery. Methodology: Telmisartan solid dispersion with Kolliphor RH 40 was prepared by solvent evaporation, and mucoadhesive buccal patches (T1–T9) were formulated by solvent casting and optimized using a 3² full factorial design with Xanthan gum (A) and HPMC E15 (B) at three levels each, followed by evaluation of physicochemical properties, mucoadhesion, swelling, drug release, permeation, and drug–excipient compatibility by FT-IR, DSC, and XRD. Results & Discussion:  Based on statistical analysis, it was observed that Xanthan gum and HPMC E15 significantly (p < 0.05) affected all the responses, and T9 was selected as the optimized formulation with a desirable swelling index of 331% and strong mucoadhesive strength of 28.5 ± 0.5 g. Optimized formulation T9 showed sustained drug release of 94.87%, and ex vivo permeation of 1.773 ± 0.033 mg/cm²) with a flux of 0.221 mg/cm²/h). Conclusion: The optimized T9 patch exhibited enhanced swelling, adhesion, sustained release, and permeation, suggesting its potential as an effective alternative for managing nocturnal hypertension.
Formulation, box-behnken optimization, and evaluation of lurasidone HCl-loaded ethosomal gel for transdermal delivery Sesha Sai Durga Manyam; Shailaja Pashikanti
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.1890

Abstract

Background: Lurasidone HCl is an antidepressant drug, which is available in solid dosage form in the market. The drug lurasidone HCl in the tablet form shows poor oral bioavailability, which is only 9- 19%. Therefore, an alternative dosage form, such as ethosomes, is preferred. Methodology: The thin film hydration technique was used to formulate ethosomes. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the formulation, with statistical and graphical analyses of the response surface plots. Ethanol (X1), phosphatidylcholine (X2), and penetration enhancer (X3) were selected as the independent variables, and the dependent variables were vesicle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and entrapment efficiency (Y3). An optimized formulation was selected after characterization of ethosomes. The optimized ethosomal formulation was incorporated into a gel base. Various ratios of Pluronic F 127 and carbopol 934 were used to prepare gel formulations, which were then evaluated. Results and Discussion: Microscopic examination of formulated ethosomes shows results within the standards. After 24 hours of study, the percentage of drug permeated was 94.7 ± 0.153. A Box-Behnken design was used to prepare and optimize ethosomes. Optimized ethosomes exhibited a vesicle size of 276.8 nm, a zeta potential of -55.7 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 90%. Carbopol gel base was used to prepare the gel and evaluated. Conclusion: The optimized ethosomal formulation was selected for preparing an ethosomal gel loaded with lurasidone HCl. The prepared gel formulations were evaluated, and all showed satisfactory results, indicating that ethosomes are the best alternative route for administering lurasidone HCl.
Simultaneous RP-HPLC quantification of curcumin, silymarin, and piperine: Method development and validation Misbah Sultana Abdul Kausar Badewale; Varsha Siddheshwar Tegeli
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.1891

Abstract

Background: Herbal formulations containing multiple phytoconstituents require analytical methods that can simultaneously determine structurally diverse compounds with adequate selectivity and precision. Curcumin (CUR), Silymarin (SLY), and Piperine (PIP) are widely incorporated into polyherbal preparations owing to their clinically studied pharmacological actions. Ensuring consistent quality of such formulations requires a validated, reliable chromatographic procedure. Methodology: A reverse-phase HPLC method was established for concurrent estimation of CUR, SLY, and PIP using an Agilent Zorbax Bonus RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). Separation was achieved with a mobile phase of 0.1% perchloric acid and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at 1.0 mL/min, with UV detection at 215 nm. The method was evaluated for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and sensitivity using standard validation criteria aligned with internationally accepted analytical quality guidelines. Results and Discussion: The analytes were successfully separated within 11 minutes, with retention times of 4.09 min for Silymarin, 7.39 min for Piperine, and 10.25 min for Curcumin. System precision demonstrated %RSD values below 0.21% for all analytes. Recovery values across 80–120% concentration levels were close to 100%, with %RSD <0.5%, reflecting excellent accuracy. Calibration curves exhibited strong linearity (R² = 0.999). The method demonstrated high sensitivity with LOD values below 2 µg/mL and LOQ values below 6 µg/mL for each compound. Both intra-day and inter-day evaluations showed %RSD <0.4%, confirming robust reproducibility. Robustness testing with small, deliberate variations showed %RSD <1.5%, confirming the method's reliability. Conclusion: The developed RP-HPLC protocol offers a selective, reproducible, and sensitive analytical approach suitable for simultaneous quantification of SLY, PIP, and CUR in combined herbal matrices.
Polyphenol-rich fraction of Thalassia hemprichii: dual enzyme inhibition, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity for diabetes management Navni Rohatgi; Dilipan Elangovan; Vasugi Suresh; Mohammed Asif Hussein
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.1910

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia and associated complications. Limitations of current therapies have driven interest in marine-derived bioactives, particularly polyphenols, for safer and multi-targeted interventions. Thalassia hemprichii, a tropical seagrass rich in phenolic compounds, remains underexplored for antidiabetic potential. Methodology: A polyphenol-rich fraction (PRF) was extracted from T. hemprichii leaves using sequential solvent extraction. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify functional groups. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using spectrophotometric methods. In vitro antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-amylase inhibition (DNSA method) and α-glucosidase inhibition (pNPG assay), with acarbose as the reference, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assays were also performed. Results and Discussion: FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic groups, indicating the presence of phenolic compounds. PRF demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase (13.4–55.6%) and α-glucosidase (16.72–58.14%) at concentrations of 25–125 μg/mL, with IC₅₀ values comparable to acarbose. The inhibitory profile showed stronger activity against α-glucosidase and moderate suppression of α-amylase. In addition, PRF exhibited significant antioxidant (49.40–78.23%) and anti-inflammatory (40.78–75.02%) effects in a concentration-dependent manner (50–200 μg/mL). Conclusion: The polyphenol-rich extract of T. hemprichii exhibits notable dual-enzyme inhibition, indicating its potential to manage postprandial hyperglycemia while reducing gastrointestinal side effects. Its cytoprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, further support its role in preventing diabetes-related complications. These findings highlight T. hemprichii as a promising candidate for nutraceutical or phytopharmaceutical development, meriting further in vivo validation and safety evaluation.
AQbD assisted UPLC method development and validation of tirzepatide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form Sunitha Panthagada; M. Sivakumar
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1914

Abstract

Background: Tirzepatide is a USFDA-approved (2023) synthetic drug that primarily targets blood sugar metabolism for chronic weight management, obesity-related conditions, and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aim to develop a reliable, sensitive UPLC method for estimating Tirzepatide using Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) to optimize chromatographic conditions. Methodology: The finalized method was developed using the Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC System, with a Phenomenex C18 column (50 x 1.7 mm, 2.1 µm), using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid buffer (37.07:62.93, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.57 mL/min and a Photo Diode Array detector at 264 nm. Result and Discussion: The method validation showed linearity over the range of 12.5–75 µg/mL (R² = 0.9995). The intraday and interday precision (%RSD) values were 0.603 and 0.791, respectively, confirming the method's reproducibility. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification values were calculated from S/N ratios of the prepared samples and were 0.6 and 2, respectively. Accuracy was validated to be 99.3-101.1%. The forced degradation studies were conducted under stress conditions, including acid, alkali, peroxide, reduction, photodegradation, and hydrolysis, with tirzepatide showing degradation percentages of 1.3%, 11.3%, 12.1%, 2.1%, 1.7%, and 2.9%. Conclusion: The developed UPLC method for quantifying tirzepatide was found to be significant, with all evaluated parameters in agreement with ICH guidelines. The proposed method is efficient, straightforward, and dependable, rendering it appropriate for routine quality control of tirzepatide in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations
Formulation and evaluation of SPAN-60-based valacyclovir proniosomal gel for ocular delivery Nyanbeni Y Kikon; Shalu Verma; Nidhi Gairola; Alka Singh; Tarun Parashar
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1949

Abstract

Background: Ocular administration is a challenging route of drug delivery due to the eye's distinct anatomy and physiology. Valacyclovir is commonly prescribed to treat viral ophthalmological conditions. However, its poor permeability limits its effectiveness in ocular viral infections. In this study, valacyclovir proniosomal gels (F1-F14) have been prepared for ocular permeation. Methodology: The VCV proniosomal gel was prepared using varying ratios of cholesterol, Span 60, and lecithin via coacervation-phase separation. The prepared proniosomal gels were characterized for particle size and shape, viscosity, drug entrapment efficiency (EE%), surface morphology, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release. Result and Discussion: Data from experimentation indicate that all formulations prepared were found to have high entrapped efficiency (%), with the highest value being (90.70%) for F7. The final formulation showed a ZP of -27.40 ± 2 mV, a PDI of 0.231, and a vesicle size of 64.31 nm, indicating uniformly dispersed, nanosized vesicles well-suited for ocular drug delivery and exhibiting greater colloidal stability. Conclusion: The results from all fourteen formulations of in vitro drug release demonstrated that they all released their drug in a sustained manner for at least 10 hours following release. The patterns of drug release from the in vitro tests fitted into the Korsmeyer–Peppas model of drug release kinetics. Overall, the results show that using VCV in a proniosomal form enables prolonged, enhanced corneal permeation.
Formulation and evaluation of piperacillin tazobactam loaded aquasomal gel for the treatment of noma Sandeep S K; Anasuya Patil; Shafura S; Deepa Bagur Paramesh; Mahanthesh H M
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1969

Abstract

Background: Noma is a rapidly progressing gangrenous disease that affects the oral and facial tissues, mainly in malnourished and immunocompromised children. Delayed intervention often results in severe tissue destruction, facial deformity, and high morbidity. Although broad-spectrum antibiotics are routinely employed, conventional dosage forms often fail to achieve sufficient drug concentrations at the site of infection. Poor local absorption, limited tissue penetration, and the need for repeated administration reduce therapeutic effectiveness and patient compliance. Hence, a novel topical drug delivery system is required to enhance local drug delivery and clinical outcomes. This manuscript aims to formulate and evaluate a Piperacillin–Tazobactam-loaded Aquasomal gel for topical treatment of Noma. Methodology: Aquasomes composed of a calcium phosphate core coated with trehalose were prepared by the sonication method for topical delivery of Piperacillin–Tazobactam. A Central Composite Design (CCD) using Design-Expert® software was used to optimize formulation variables to improve entrapment efficiency and control drug release. The optimized Aquasomes were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and drug entrapment efficiency, and then incorporated into a 1% Carbopol gel. Results & Discussion: The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 186 nm, a zeta potential of –19.37 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 68.18%, and sustained drug release of 61.1%. The gel exhibited suitable physicochemical properties and strong antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The developed Aquasomal gel represents a promising topical therapy for the effective management of Noma.
Formulation and evaluation of factorial design based sulfasalazine-loaded ethosomal gel for rheumatoid arthritis Sanjaikumar D; Anasuya Patil; Hemanth G
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i4.1973

Abstract

Background: Oral administration of sulfasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis is associated with limitations that reduce therapeutic effectiveness. Transdermal delivery using ethosomal vesicles offers a promising strategy to enhance skin penetration and provide localized therapeutic effects. Methodology: Sulfasalazine-loaded ethosomes were formulated using the cold method and optimized using a 3² full factorial design across nine experimental trials. The formulations were characterized for vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and morphology using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optimized ethosomal formulation was incorporated into a 1% Carbopol 934 gel to prepare the ethosomal gel (EGL). Ex vivo permeation studies were performed using rat skin to compare EGL with a conventional gel (CGL), and flux and permeability coefficients were calculated. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in Sprague–Dawley rats. Results and Discussion: Particle sizes ranged from 98.3 ± 2.37 nm to 187.7 ± 3.12 nm, with a negative zeta potential ranging between –24.2 ± 2.56 mV and –32.6 ± 1.35 mV. The entrapment efficiency ranged from 85.33 ± 3.84% to 94.62 ± 1.34%. Vesicles displayed smooth and spherical surfaces. In vitro drug release studies of the ethosomal gel formulations lasted 12 hours, revealing controlled release of sulfasalazine and enhanced ex vivo permeation in the optimized formulation. In vivo studies showed that EGL produced a greater reduction in inflammation compared to CGL. Conclusion: The developed ethosomal gel demonstrated enhanced skin permeation and anti-inflammatory efficacy, making it a promising transdermal delivery system for sulfasalazine in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Development and optimization of zingerone-loaded PLGA oil-based nanocarriers for enhanced solubility and sustained drug release Varsha Laxman Jakune; Varsha Siddheswar Tegeli
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1977

Abstract

Background: Zingerone, a phenolic constituent of Zingiber officinale, possesses notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Its therapeutic use is limited by poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability, resulting in suboptimal efficacy. Polymeric nanocarriers, especially poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based systems, offer an effective approach to enhance solubility, stability, and controlled drug delivery. Integration of lipid components into PLGA matrices can further improve drug loading and solubilization. This study focused on the design and optimization of zingerone-loaded PLGA oil-based nanocarriers to improve solubility and sustained release. Methodology: Solubility screening of zingerone in different oils identified peanut oil as the most suitable vehicle (54.31 mg/ml). Nanocarriers were prepared using a solvent evaporation method, producing nine formulations (F1–F9) with varying oil content and homogenization speeds. Characterization included particle size and zeta potential analysis, FTIR, DSC, SEM, and drug content determination using UV spectroscopy and HPLC. Drug release was studied using a dialysis membrane in phosphate buffer (pH 6.4), and stability testing was performed for the optimized formulation. Results and Discussion: The optimized batch (F4) exhibited a particle size of 79.7 nm, a zeta potential of −27.3 mV, and a drug content of 99.73%. Solubility increased more than 30-fold (5.44 mg/ml), with sustained drug release reaching 97.7% over 24 hours. Characterization confirmed efficient encapsulation and formulation stability. Conclusion: PLGA oil-based nanocarriers significantly improved zingerone solubility and enabled controlled release, indicating strong potential for further pharmacokinetic and therapeutic evaluation.
Formulation and comparative evaluation of allopurinol transdermal patches using two different polymeric combinations Adity Modak; Tiyash Roy; Abhishek Jana; Swarnim Gupta; Pintu De
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Creative Pharma Assent

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69857/joapr.v14i3.1987

Abstract

Background: The transdermal drug delivery system is a technique where drugs are absorbed via the skin at a predetermined and controlled rate. This system offers several benefits over conventional routes, such as intravenous or oral administration, for both systemic and local drug delivery, and it is simple to administer. This technique is also painless. The goal of the dosage model for transdermal medications is to simultaneously enhance drug efflux from the skin into the systemic circulation while minimizing drug metabolism and retention in the skin. The selected drug for the present formulation is Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that lowers uric acid levels in the body. Methodology: The goal of this study is the development of a matrix-type transdermal system of allopurinol with two different hydrophilic polymers, polyethylene glycol-4000(PEG-4000) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), along with a hydrophobic polymer, Ethyl cellulose (EC), in different ratios by using the solvent evaporation technique to create a suitable matrix-type patch. Results and Discussion: The physicochemical characterization of thickness, folding endurance, moisture content, and drug-polymer compatibility has been studied. The drug release studies from the formulation, P1F3, showed maximum release of allopurinol (59.43%) in 5 h, where EC: PEG-4000 was 2:1; whereas P2F3 showed maximum release of allopurinol (57.28%) in 5 hours, where EC: HPMC was 2:1. In both cases, the release rate is retarding by increasing the proportion of hydrophobic polymer EC. Conclusion: The physicochemical evaluation of the prepared transdermal patches revealed good physical stability, with controlled drug release achieved by varying the ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers.

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