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Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 26139456     EISSN : 25992570     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture publishes original articles, review articles, case studies and short communications on the fundamentals, applications and management of Sustainable Agriculture areas in collaboration with Indonesian Agrotechnology / Agroecotechnology Association (PAGI), Asia Pacific Network for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Energy (SAFE-Network), and Indonesian Agricultural Higher Education Communication Forum (FKPTPI). This journal has two issues in a year and it will be published in April and October.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 122 Documents
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Enhancing Nutritional and Functional Properties of Plant-Based Meatballs: A Study on Kepok Banana Flower, Brown Lentils, and Wheat Gluten Lucia Crysanthy Soedirga; Erinne Dwi Amadea
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i4.98807

Abstract

Interest in meat substitutes has grown in recent years as consumers seek healthier options. However, many products still face limitations, either in texture or in nutritional balance. Kepok banana flower (KBF), with its fibrous structure, has the potential to mimic meat texture, though its protein content is relatively low. Brown lentils can enhance protein content, while high-protein binders such as isolated soy protein (ISP) and wheat gluten (WG) improve texture and structural integrity. This study aimed to determine the optimum ratio of minced KBF (MKBF) to brown lentil paste (BLP) and to evaluate binder formulations for nutrient-rich plant-based meatballs. The research was conducted in two stages. First, eight MKBF:BLP ratios (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70) were tested for protein content, cooking yield, and lightness (L*), identifying 40:60 as optimal. Second, the 40:60 blend was incorporated into five binder formulations: F0 (commercial reference), F1 (0% WG + 10% ISP), F2 (15% WG + 3% ISP), F3 (20% WG + 3% ISP), and F4 (25% WG + 3% ISP). Analyses included water-holding capacity (WHC), total dietary fiber (TDF), texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluation. The 40:60 ratio yielded 10.24±0.08% protein, 105.68±2.81% cooking yield, and 47.20±0.15 L*. The F4 showed the highest WHC (52.94±9.14%) and TDF (5.99±0.06%), with a hardness of 516.51±31.62 g, chewiness of 353.28±21.66 Nmm, and springiness of 0.87±0.02 mm. Sensory analysis showed that F4 was most comparable to F0. These results suggest that a 40:60 MKBF and BLP combined with WG and ISP produces consumer-acceptable plant-based meatballs with high protein and dietary fiber.
Assessing the Relationship Between Pre-Laying Morphometrics and Productivity Traits in Magelang Ducks for Sustainable Breeding Zakia Ulfah; Dyah Maharani; Heru Sasongko
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.110661

Abstract

Traditional selection of Magelang ducks relies on visual assessments despite a lack of scientific validation. This study evaluated the relationships among pre-laying morphometrics and productivity, an approach previously unexplored in this population. A total of 107 female ducks (70 days old) were recorded and monitored individually for 366 days under identical conditions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the independence of pre-laying morphometric and productivity traits. Productivity traits exhibited higher variability than pre-laying morphometrics, indicating that relatively uniform physical measurements do not reflect the wide range of production performance. Post-peak, extreme variability was driven by reproductive tract measurements, despite low variation in body weight, reflecting a physiological divergence that was hidden from external assessments. Spearman correlation revealed no significant relationship between pre-laying morphometrics and productivity. The mean age at molting was 398.65±29.31 days, occurring in 28.97% of ducks, and showed a weak positive correlation with production duration (235.25±39.27 days) and a significant, weak negative correlation with egg production (139.28±65.93 eggs). PCA identified 3 independent components: skeletal morphometrics (PC1), productivity (PC2), and body mass (PC3), which together accounted for 64.78% of the total variance. These findings confirm that visual selection for body size is ineffective for improving productivity. Researchers propose a two-stage selection strategy integrating skeletal screening with early performance recording and molecular markers. This framework enables farmers to identify elite layers and improve feed efficiency by culling unproductive, oversized ducks, thereby supporting sustainable breeding.
Integrating Business Model Canvas and Balanced Scorecard for Porang Tuber Business Development: A Case Study of Koperasi Porang Garut Agro Raihanah Yurizka Kinanti; Yooce Yustiana; Rizkita Rachmi Esyanti
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.106736

Abstract

Indonesia is expected to face a decline in rice harvest areas in 2024, which threatens national food security and highlights the need for alternative food sources from local commodities such as Amorphophallus muelleri (porang). Koperasi Porang Garut Agro (KPGA), a community-based cooperative in Garut Regency, has the potential but still struggles with supply stability, logistics, and institutional capacity. This study formulates a business management strategy for KPGA by integrating the Business Model Canvas (BMC) with the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and document reviews, then analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods to assess tuber availability and distribution, complemented by financial feasibility analysis. The business model was developed through SWOT-BMC analysis and then mapped into the 4 perspectives of the BSC to design appropriate management strategies. The results indicate that porang availability in Garut is sufficient for KPGA’s operations, although price fluctuations and unequal profit distribution persist. Additionally, financial analysis suggests that KPGA’s operations are feasible but have not yet achieved optimal returns. To address these challenges, integration of the BMC and BSC produced 13 core strategies focusing on improving product quality and standards, developing processed products, enhancing human resource competencies, strengthening distribution and storage efficiency, expanding market segments, and improving financial management and support for farmers. These strategies offer a clear roadmap for enhancing KPGA’s competitiveness and supporting Indonesia’s broader goal of sustainable food diversification.
Response of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Growth, Yield, and Crop Components to Irrigation Frequency and Salicylic Acid Concentrations Raheem Bohan Al-Nasr-Allah; Muaid Shaker Ali; Dunya Sabeeh Mohammed
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i2.111364

Abstract

The irrigation regime is one of the primary factors limiting barley productivity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on barley performance under varying irrigation conditions. A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2024 to 2025 using a split-plot design arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replicates. Irrigation frequency (3, 4, and 5 times during the growing season) was assigned to the main plots, while salicylic acid concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg l-1) were distributed to the subplots. The studied traits included the number of tillers per plant, plant height, flag leaf area, relative water content of leaf, absolute growth rate, biomass duration, 100-grain weight, number of grains per spike, and grain yield. The results showed that increasing irrigation frequency positively enhanced all studied traits except relative water content, with the 5-irrigation treatment resulting in the highest grain yield (1.383 kg m-2). Spraying salicylic acid at a concentration of 300 mg l-1 considerably improved most growth and yield traits, with the highest grain yield (1.370 kg m-2), compared with the control treatment, which recorded the lowest grain yield (0.959 kg m-2). Strong positive correlations were observed among biomass accumulation, yield components, and grain yield. The combined application of 5 irrigations and 300 mg l-1 of salicylic acid resulted in the highest grain yield (1.668 kg m-2). These findings suggest that appropriate irrigation management combined with salicylic acid during barley development can be an effective strategy to enhance barley productivity.
Prospect for Vegetative Bulbs Productions and Enlargement of Rose Onion (Allium cepa L.) Via Agro-Physiological Optimization in Tropical Climate Mahaletchumy Krishnamoorthy; Afiq Kamaruzali; Liang Su Toh; Nurul Aaliyah Mohd Sahud; Khairunnisa Najwa Khairulazlan; Mashitah Jusoh; Azzami Adam Muhamad Mujab; Khalisanni Khalid; Andrew Fleming; Nazmin Yaapar
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 3 (2025): July
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i3.100515

Abstract

Rose onion (Allium cepa L.), a unique red onion from Karnataka, India, is valued across Asia for its culinary significance. Recent onion supply disruptions have triggered an export ban from India, causing price surges and declining onion quality. This study evaluated two agro-physiological cultivation methods for rose onion under tropical Malaysian conditions to address Malaysia’s onion import dependency. The bulbification method aimed at optimizing planting material production utilized open field conditions and resulted in enhanced pseudostem proliferation (p < 0.001) and increased bulb counts (p < 0.001). In contrast, the bulking method, designed to maximize yield, employed shaded environments and nutrient management, achieving an 86% yield increase (10.78 tons ha-1) and higher economic returns (102,410 MYR ha-1). Key physiological measurements, including chlorophyll content (+30.68%, p < 0.05) and water-use efficiency (+87.71%, p = 0.003), highlighted the adaptability of both methods to tropical climates. Economic analysis revealed that although pre-harvest costs were 65% higher for the bulking method, it generated 63,715 MYR in net profit, representing a 450% increase in profitability and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.65. The findings support targeted cultivation strategies based on production objectives and emphasize the agronomic value of integrating physiological monitoring and cost-benefit analysis in tropical onion systems.
Simulation-Based System Modeling of Grazing Land Management for Beef Cattle Development in East Luwu, Indonesia Sema Sema; Jasmal Ahmari Syamsu; Ambo Ako; Rinduwati Rinduwati
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i4.106383

Abstract

Significant population growth has increased demand for beef, while domestic production lags. Poor grazing land management and cattle population pressure remain major constraints, underscoring the need for sustainable solutions. This study aims to develop a system dynamics model and formulate grazing land management strategies to support sustainable beef cattle farming in East Luwu Regency, as one of the cattle production centers in South Sulawesi with extensive but increasingly degraded grazing lands. Conducted from May to July 2025, the model integrated grazing land and cattle population dynamics through causal loop and stock-flow diagrams, while the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to prioritize management strategies. The model reveals that cattle population dynamics are primarily influenced by forage availability, cattle purchases, and birth rates, while grazing land depends on water supply, soil quality, and land availability. From 2020 to 2024, the average grazing land area was 3,013.72 ha with a grass regeneration rate of 1.11 kg ha-1 day-1 and a declining maximum carrying capacity (3,075 ind ha-1 year-1). During the same period, the cattle population averaged 20,411 heads but declined annually by -1,036.5 heads, with a feed ratio of only 0.03% per day, highlighting the urgent need for an effective management strategy. The AHP results indicate that the Integrated Feed Management and Population Control (IFM-PC) strategy achieved the highest score across sustainability criteria, while the reduced stocking rate (SR↓/ha) ranked lowest. This study concludes that grazing land and cattle populations in East Luwu are undergoing considerable degradation, and implementing IFM-PC is crucial for long-term sustainability.
Performance of Multi-Canopy Rice Combinations Based on Tillering Capacity and Plant Architecture Across Seasons and Nitrogen Levels Dwi Arizna Arofah; Willy Bayuardi Suwarno; Natasya Nafila; Ahmad Junaedi; Hajrial Aswidinnoor
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i2.108932

Abstract

The growing challenge of ensuring global food security encourages innovative approaches to rice cultivation. One novel innovation is the multi-canopy cropping system, involving planting 2 rice genotypes with different plant heights at close spacing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the tillering capacity of tall rice genotypes and the plant architecture of short genotypes on yield and agronomic traits in a multi-canopy system under different environmental conditions. The genetic materials were 24 combinations of multi-canopy rice genotypes belonging to 3 groups, namely T1-S1, T2-S2, and T3-S3, each consisting of 8 combinations. The T1, T2, T3 groups are the tall genotypes with different tillering ability, namely low, medium, and high; whereas the S1, S2, S3 groups are the short genotypes with different plant architecture, namely green revolution type, dwarf type, and stay green. These combinations were evaluated with 4 checks in 4 environments, i.e., 2 planting seasons and 2 nitrogen treatments. The combined analysis involving 3 factors (genotype combination, nitrogen, and season) was performed. The grain yield of all multi-canopy combinations was significantly higher than that of the check varieties in monoculture. Group T3-S3 had a significantly higher average total number of grains than the other groups. Selection based on Multi-trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) at 20% pressure produced the desired selection differential for all selection traits. Four selected lines belonged to the T3-S3 group. The interaction between genotype combination and nitrogen fertilizer was significant for the number of total and productive tillers. This study provides insight for identifying suitable combinations of the tall and short genotypes in breeding multi-canopy rice varieties.
Comparative Study of the Nutritional Value, Phytochemicals, and Sensory Quality of Flakes Prepared Using Elicited and Non-Elicited Cowpea Sprout Flours Setyaningrum Ariviani; Galih Poetri Nastiti; Nurul Hidayati Sholihin; Gusti Fauza; Siswanti Siswanti
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 3 (2025): July
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i3.97583

Abstract

Germination without and with elicitation using 50 mM NaCl or 250 ppm Na-alginate generated cowpea sprout flours with the levels of protein, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as functional properties that significantly higher than that of cowpea seed flour. Most cereal flakes lack protein content and health-promoting compounds. This study aims to investigate the potential for developing NaCl-elicited, Na-alginate-elicited, and non-elicited cowpea sprout flours for flakes production through a comparative study on the nutritional value (proximate, dietary fibers), phytochemicals (TPC, RSA, FRAP), and sensory quality. Oat-based commercial flake was used as a comparator. The flakes formulated using elicited cowpea sprout flours exhibited significantly lower fat and carbohydrate contents and higher levels of protein, soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fibers than those prepared using non-elicited cowpea sprout flour. The cowpea-based flakes showed more elevated carbohydrate, total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber levels and significantly lower fat levels than oat-based commercial flakes. The flakes designed using Na-alginate-elicited cowpea sprout flour have the highest TPC, RSA, and FRAP values. Compared to the commercial ones, flakes prepared with elicited cowpea sprout flours produce better aroma, texture, and overall qualities. These results have significant implications for developing legume-based flakes with lower fat, higher levels of protein, dietary fibers, and phytochemicals, as well as good sensory quality.
Halotolerant Rhizobacteria Isolated from Salinity-Impacted Marginal Soils: Characterization and Potential for Plant Growth Promotion Syarafina Ratna Putri; Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho; Sukirno Sukirno; Endah Retnaningrum
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i4.107138

Abstract

Soil salinity is a significant constraint on crop productivity, particularly in marginal lands, and sustainable biological approaches are needed to mitigate its impact. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with halotolerance represent promising candidates for enhancing plant resilience under saline stress. This study aimed to isolate halotolerant PGPR from saline-impacted soils in Pekalongan, Indonesia, and evaluate their potential to improve plant growth under salinity stress. Five bacterial isolates (WN-01 to WN-05) were successfully obtained. The isolates displayed multiple PGPR traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, siderophore release, cellulase activity, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity, exopolysaccharide production, and tolerance to salinity up to 9% NaCl. Molecular identification confirmed the isolates as Bacillus subtilis (WN-01), Priestia megaterium (WN-02), Pseudomonas segetis (WN-03), Bacillus pumilus (WN-04), and Bacillus cereus (WN-05). Compatibility analysis indicated their potential to be formulated as a consortium bioinoculant. In vivo pot experiments using sweet maize (Zea mays saccharata var. Bonanza F1) under saline conditions (4 dS m-1) showed that consortium application, especially at 10⁸ CFU ml-1, significantly enhanced plant height, leaf surface area, and chlorophyll content. Moreover, the total microbial population in soil increased proportionally with inoculum density, with the highest values recorded in the 10⁸ CFU ml-1 treatment. These findings demonstrate that local halotolerant PGPR have strong potential as bioinoculants to support crop growth and soil health in saline-impacted marginal lands.
Forest-Derived Actinomycetes from Indonesian National Parks: A Novel Approach for Bacterial Leaf Blight Control in Rice Giyanto Giyanto; Ruly Anwar; Muhamad Hidayanto; Syahri Syahri
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.108743

Abstract

The potential of forest-derived actinomycetes from Indonesian national parks for managing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of forest-derived actinomycetes from Kutai National Park against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and to assess their ability to promote rice seed germination, seedling vigor, and root colonization. A total of 12 actinomycete isolates were screened for in vitro antagonism against Xoo race 8. Further investigation in planta revealed that 3 isolates (KrK1K1, DrK1T20, and DrK1T21) significantly reduced disease severity by 77.77%, 86.74%, and 82.85%, respectively. Molecular identification of the 3 potential isolates revealed that KrK1K1, DrK1T20, and DrK1T21 are identified as Streptomyces parvulus, Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens, and Salinispora tropica, respectively. Three selected isolates also significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the seed germination rate (25.05%) and the vigor index (51.11%). Filtrate bioassays at 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations demonstrated that only T. tyrosinosolvens DrK1T20 effectively inhibited Xoo growth. All 3 isolates produced siderophores and chitinase, whereas phosphate-solubilizing activity was detected only in S. parvulus. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed effective colonization of rice roots by actinomycetes, indicating a successful interaction between the roots and the actinomycete isolates. These abilities strongly support the potential of forest-derived actinomycetes to control BLB and improve plant growth in the field.

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