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Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 26139456     EISSN : 25992570     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture publishes original articles, review articles, case studies and short communications on the fundamentals, applications and management of Sustainable Agriculture areas in collaboration with Indonesian Agrotechnology / Agroecotechnology Association (PAGI), Asia Pacific Network for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Energy (SAFE-Network), and Indonesian Agricultural Higher Education Communication Forum (FKPTPI). This journal has two issues in a year and it will be published in April and October.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 122 Documents
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Temperature-Driven Variability in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Titer Across Citrus Hosts, Tissues, and Seasons in Saudi Arabia Ali A. Al Masrahi; Abdullah F. Al Hashel; Arya Widyawan; Mahmoud H. El Komy; Yasser E. Ibrahim
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i2.112903

Abstract

Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), continues to challenge citrus production in Saudi Arabia. Although HLB is widespread, there is still limited understanding of how temperature, season, host species, and the type of tissue sampled influence the reliability of CLas detection. In this regard, 123 CLas-positive samples sourced from major citrus-growing areas were analyzed. These samples included data from 4 major citrus species and 4 tissue types. Additionally, cycle threshold (Ct) values obtained through quantitative PCR for each sample were used to examine how climate and CLas interact in bacterial detection. As lower Ct values indicate higher bacterial abundance, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to assess the influence of season, tissue type, citrus species, and average seasonal temperature on Ct values. The results demonstrated significant differences among tissue types, with petiole and midrib tissues exhibiting consistently lower Ct values. Additionally, lower Ct values were observed in spring and autumn, and higher Ct values in warmer summers and colder winters, based on average temperatures. Among the citrus species, only Citrus limon illustrated a prominent increase in CLas levels as temperatures increased. CLas levels in C. limon showed only minor fluctuations with temperature. Taken together, these results indicated that temperature gradients strongly shape CLas population levels in Saudi Arabia and influence the reliability of pathogen detection. Considering climatic context, along with tissue type and season can substantially improve sampling strategies and enhance the effectiveness of HLB monitoring programs in arid and semi-arid citrus production systems.
Eco-Beneficial Biocontrol Agents for Mitigating Rice Blast and Enhancing Growth and Yield Sayera khatun; Mst. Habiba Tamanna; Md Mahmodol Hasan
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i2.108675

Abstract

Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a major threat to global rice production. Eco-friendly biocontrol agents offer a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides for managing this disease. This study evaluated 8 biocontrol agents for rice blast management and plant growth promotion under controlled conditions. The antagonistic activity of selected biocontrol agents against M. oryzae was assessed through in vitro assays, followed by in vivo evaluation of disease incidence and severity, plant physiological traits, biomass accumulation, and yield components across 3 consecutive cropping seasons. Among the tested agents, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (SB3) exhibited the strongest antagonistic activity, inhibiting the mycelial growth of M. oryzae by 94.24% in vitro. Consistently, it significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced disease incidence (6.67%) and severity (1.11%) under greenhouse conditions, whereas the control treatment showed 20% disease incidence and 4.17% disease severity. Furthermore, application of P. aeruginosa (SB3) significantly enhanced plant growth traits and leaf chlorophyll content, and had a remarkable positive effect on yield contributing characters and rice grain yield (increased by 27.37% over the control). Bacillus velezensis (RB4) also produced favorable results across most evaluated parameters; however, its effects were comparably lower than those of SB3. Overall, this study provides evidence that P. aeruginosa (SB3) is a promising biocontrol candidate that can enhance rice yield, supporting its potential application in sustainable and eco-friendly rice production.
Carbonaceous Particles from Candle Soot Enhance Water Absorption and Modulate Starch-Sugar Metabolism in Solanaceae Seed Germination Anca Awal Sembada; Ahmad Faizal; Rizkita Rachmi Esyanti; Yuli Setyo Indartono; I. Wuled Lenggoro
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i4.95758

Abstract

Candle soot is a source of carbonaceous compounds that has been viewed as unwanted air pollution. Few have attempted to apply candle soot in agriculture, specifically for seed germination. This study was conducted to determine the effect of using candle soot on the germination of seeds from the Solanaceae family (Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum melongena). Three concentrations (10-2, 10-3, and 10-4 wt%) of candle soot were used. The results showed an improvement in measurable germination parameters and seedling quality parameters. The 10-3 wt% concentration was able to reduce the time needed for germination compared to the control by 11% in C. annuum, 12% in S. lycopersicum, and 10% in S. melongena. Further evaluation was conducted by analyzing the elements present in the seedlings. The results showed that the elemental information of seedlings treated with candle soot did not differ significantly from the control. This indicates that candle soot is biocompatible for agricultural applications. Further evaluation was also carried out to analyze biochemical components such as starch and soluble sugar, which play a crucial role in the seed germination process. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in starch content compared to the control, while the soluble sugar content increased during treatment with candle soot. These carbonaceous particles could be a potential approach to enhancing germination and promoting sustainable agricultural practices, as revealed by this investigation.
Tomato Mutants SlIAA9 Exhibit Thermo-Morphophysiological Characters and Enhanced SIDREBA4 Gene Expression Cory Rafsyanyani; Titah Rigel Anjalani; Anisa Esti Rahayu; Syariful Mubarok; Ani Widiastuti; Deden Derajat Matra; Hiroshi Ezura; Nurul Jadid
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.108173

Abstract

Rising temperatures associated with climate change threaten tomato productivity, yet the contribution of auxin signaling components to heat-stress adaptation remains incompletely understood. The IAA9 gene, encoding an Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor, is well known for its role in auxin-regulated development, but its role in heat responses is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the function of IAA9 in modulating tomato responses under heat stress conditions. Researchers utilized tomato iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutants and exposed them to prolonged elevated temperatures of 40 to 45 °C for 6 weeks to assess morphophysiological traits, and to 38 to 40 °C for 6 days to evaluate molecular responses through SlDREBA4 gene expression analysis. Under prolonged heat stress, all genotypes exhibited reduced leaf area, leaf number, and total chlorophyll content, accompanied by increased plant height compared to plants grown under normal conditions. Specifically, wild-type Micro-Tom (WT-MT) showed the lowest values in leaf area (165.89 cm²), leaf number (23 leaves), and total chlorophyll content (115.7 µg g-1). In contrast, the iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutants recorded the highest plant heights at 11.98 and 12.13 cm, respectively, indicating a differential growth response under stress. Gene expression analysis revealed that SlDREBA4 expression was upregulated in both iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutants compared to normal temperature conditions, with increases of 0.45-fold and 1.78-fold, respectively. These results indicate that IAA9 mutations confer enhanced thermotolerance in tomato, as reflected by altered morphology and increased heat-responsive gene expression. This study highlights IAA9 as a potential genetic target for improving heat stress resilience in tomato breeding programs.
Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Sodium Selenite in AndroMed® Extender Enhances Post-Thaw Saanen Buck Semen Quality Caterina Palma Erlindra; Dio Fico Felsidan Diatmono; Fransisca Gani Padmawati; Arina Dinar Nurfadilla Sastranegara; Pradita Iustitia Sitaresmi; Sigit Bintara; Diah Tri Widayati
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.108422

Abstract

Semen cryopreservation is known to cause considerable damage to spermatozoa through the generation of free radicals. This damage can potentially be mitigated by the use of potent antioxidants, such as sodium selenite, which does not impair semen quality when administered in small doses. This study aimed to assess the impact of low-dose sodium selenite supplementation on post-thaw semen quality in Saanen bucks. Semen was collected from 2 superior Saanen bucks and evaluated according to standard criteria before dilution and freezing. Cryopreserved semen was stored in liquid nitrogen (LN2) at a temperature of -196 °C for 90 days. The experimental treatments involved the addition of sodium selenite to the AndroMed® diluent medium at 3 different concentrations: without supplementation/control (C), 5 ppm (T1), and 10 ppm (T2). Frozen semen was thawed at 37 °C in a water bath for 30 seconds before post-thaw quality assessment. The parameters assessed included motility, viability, abnormalities, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome membrane integrity (AMI), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The data were statistically analyzed using One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the addition of sodium selenite had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on motility, viability, PMI, AMI, and ROS production, but did not affect the abnormality (p > 0.05). Interestingly, T1 resulted in the most substantial improvements, yielding the highest percentages of post-thaw motility (71.81±1.05%), viability (73.36±1.08%), PMI (77.49±1.68%), and AMI (79.29±0.63%), as well as the lowest ROS production (13.67±0.50%). In conclusion, the addition of 5 ppm sodium selenite enhances post-thaw semen quality in Saanen bucks.
Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Application on Yield and Fruit Quality of Oranges in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam Hien Huu Nguyen; Dung Cao Thi Thu; Nhung Thi Ho; Mai Thanh Thị Nguyen; Lam Ngoc Thai; Hien Thi Nguyen
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i2.116840

Abstract

Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are essential secondary macronutrients that govern plant growth, fruit development, and physiological stability of citrus production. Specifically, these elements play a crucial role in mitigating fruit cracking and enhancing fruit quality. The objective of the study was to determine the optimal application rates of Ca and Mg to maximize yield and fruit quality of Xa Doai oranges in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. The experiment was conducted from December 2024 to December 2025 on seven-year-old Xa Doai orange trees, using a randomized complete block design and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of Ca (2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg tree-¹) and Mg (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg tree-¹). The results showed that the application of 3.0 kg CaSO₄.2H₂O and 1.5 kg MgSO₄.7H₂O were effective in improving soil pH (6.35) and resulted in high exchangeable Ca and Mg (1,012.60 and 188.33 mg kg-¹, respectively) and the lowest level of fruit cracking (10.82%). Conversely, the highest yield (50.84kg tree-¹), total soluble solids (TSS, 11.53%), and TSS/TA ratio (25.61) were obtained with the lower application rates of 2.0 kg CaSO₄.2H₂O mixed with 0.5 kg MgSO₄.7H₂O. Analysis results indicated that the exchangeable Ca in soil was negatively correlated with fruit weight (r = -0.77), fruit circumference (r = -0.70), fruit cracking (r = -0.90), TSS (r = -0.75), and TSS/TA ratio (r = -0.94), but positively correlated with peel thickness (r = 0.88). The results offer a viable basis for maximizing fertilization in the production of oranges.
Yield Trial of Doubled-Haploid Rice Lines with Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance Hayu Widi Yuana; Bambang Sapta Purwoko; Willy Bayuardi Suwarno; Iswari Saraswati Dewi; Cucu Gunarsih
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 3 (2025): July
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i3.94856

Abstract

Rice production is facing a decline due to climate change and land conversion. The development of high-yielding and multi-tolerant abiotic stress rice varieties (such as drought, salinity, and flooding) is needed for adaptation to a changing climate. This research aimed to identify potential doubled-haploid (DH) rice lines with good agronomic performance and high yield through index selection. The study was conducted in the rainy season of 2024, and used a randomized complete block design with a single genotype factor and three replications. The genetic material evaluated consisted of 56 DH rice lines and 5 check varieties, i.e., Inpari 18, Inpari 30, Inpari 34, Inpari 35, and Ciherang. Observation was conducted on plant height (PH), number of vegetative tillers (NVT), number of productive tillers (NPT), days to 50% flowering (DF), days to harvesting (DTH), number of filled grains (NFG), total grains per panicle (TG), panicle length (PL), and productivity. The results showed high heritability in all observed variables, indicating that the variables could be used as selection criteria. The weighted index selection involving PH, NPT, DTH, and productivity resulted in 30 DH rice lines with good agronomic traits such as medium PH, medium NPT, medium maturity, and productivity above the check varieties. Those selected DH lines can be evaluated further in more diverse environments to study the effects of genotype, environment, and G×E interactions.
The Efficiency of Cokriging Spatial Interpolation to Estimate the Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Paste Extract (ECₑ) Using Soil to Water Ratios Koddam Rukadi; Porntip Phontusang; Anongnat Sriprachote
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i4.107085

Abstract

Accurate assessment of soil salinity is essential for managing salt-affected soils and sustaining agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the potential of cokriging spatial interpolation for estimating the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECₑ), using soil electrical conductivity (EC) measured at 1:2.5 and 1:5 soil-to-water ratios. The objectives included identifying suitable scatter plot and cross-variogram models and assessing mapping accuracy. A total of 300 topsoil samples (0 to 30 cm) were collected from three salt-affected soil classes in Muang Pia Sub-district, Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand. Spatial modelling and cross-variogram analyses were performed using GS+ software to evaluate estimation accuracy across different sample sizes. The results showed that EC measurements at a 1:5 ratio exhibited the strongest correlation with  across all soil classes, with coefficient of determination (R2) values reaching 0.98 in Class 1 and Class 2, and 0.85 in Class 3, despite a minimum sample size (n = 25). Gaussian and spherical models best described these relationships. Higher R2 values were consistently associated with lower mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE), in almost all sample sizes and classes, indicating the robustness and reliability of the model across varying salinity conditions. Larger sample sizes (n = 100) yielded more consistent estimation performance, while smaller sample sizes maintained acceptable accuracy, particularly for EC 1:5. This study indicates that soil EC water ratios, especially 1:5, can serve as practical surrogates for ECₑ estimation using cokriging spatial interpolation. The proposed approach offers a cost-effective solution for salinity mapping in salt-affected soil areas, with implications for soil monitoring, land management, and sustainable agriculture under limited sampling conditions.
Ethno-agronomic Management of Horticultural Inceptisols under Monoculture and Polyculture Using Nagari Local Ameliorant Resource Formulations Herviyanti Herviyanti; An Nisa Mutiara Fathi; Irwan Darfis; M. Hafizh Ash Shiddiq; Defry Jonica Putri; Amsar Maulana; Ridho Ryswaldi
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 41, No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v41i2.108614

Abstract

Low soil surface charge and nutrient imbalances in Inceptisols threaten horticultural productivity in monoculture and polyculture systems. Ethno-agronomy management using local resources is expected to be a solution to these issues. The research aims to assess the effects of Nagari local ameliorant resource formulations (LARFs; bamboo biochar (BB), Tithonia green fertilizer (TGF), chicken manure (CM), and Agam compost (CA)) on surface charge and nutrients. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to test 5 treatments: Control, LARF-I (BB + TGF + CM), LARF-II (BB + TGF + CA), conventional farming (CF), and Ministry of Agriculture Recommendations (MAR), with 3 replications, in Banuhampu, Agam. LARFs significantly improved soil surface charge properties (pH H2O, electrical conductivity (EC), percentage of organic matter (%OM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC)) and macronutrient levels (organic C (OC), total N, available P, and exchangeable K) compared with the control and conventional farming. LARF-I excelled in pH H2O, EC, %OM, and CEC under monoculture (+16–170%) and polyculture (+23–92%), outperforming CF by 11–157%. LARF-II led in OC (+91–112%) and total N (+37–441%), while LARF-I dominated available P (+122–328%) and exchangeable K (+60–78%). These enhancements increased crop nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) by up to 170% in string bean (monoculture) and broccoli (polyculture), with LARF-I achieving the highest overall increase. Yields increased most under LARF-II (string bean +33%, broccoli +74%, lettuce +70% compared to the control; 31–43% above CF), followed closely by LARF-I (+29–65% from the control; 21–29% above CF). These improvements enhanced soil fertility and nutrient availability, supporting better nutrient uptake and crop performance. LARFs promote sustainable restoration of soil fertility and support ethno-agronomic practices in horticulture.
Blood and Hormone Profile of Kacang Goats with a Palisada perforata (Bory) K.W.Nam Supplemented Diet Nur Hidayah; Cuk Tri Noviandi; Andriyani Astuti; Pradita Iustitia Sitaresmi; Kustantinah Kustantinah
Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Vol 40, No 3 (2025): July
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/carakatani.v40i3.95020

Abstract

Blood and hormone profile analysis can reliably determine the health status of an animal. This study aimed to test the inclusion of two levels of one red seaweed species, Palisada perforata (Bory) K.W.Nam (PP), at 2.50 to 5.00% organic matter (OM) in a basal diet (total mixed ration/TMR) on the blood (metabolite and hematology) and hormone (glucagon and ghrelin) profiles of Kacang goats. The study employed a randomized complete block design with three treatments and four replicates, involving 12 female Kacang goats with live weights of 23.84±5.26 and 26.96±4.10 kg. The result revealed that for the blood metabolites, supplementation of PP at 2.50% and 5.00% OM (2.97% and 5.94% dry matter, respectively) on the TMR as a basal diet increased (p < 0.05) the glucose and iron concentration, tended to increase (p < 0.1) the total protein, decreased (p < 0.05) the ureum and blood urea nitrogen concentration, and did not affect the cholesterol concentration in the blood of Kacang goats. TMR supplemented with PP at 5.00% OM had the lowest counts (p < 0.01) of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. This treatment also increased (p < 0.01) the red blood cells and tended to increase (p < 0.10) the hemoglobin and hematocrit but did not affect the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of the blood. The plasma glucagon and ghrelin levels decreased (p < 0.01) at 5.00% OM supplementation with this seaweed. Therefore, supplementing a basal diet with PP at 5.00% OM is the optimum treatment to increase the health status of Kacang goats because it exhibits ideal blood and hormone profiles.

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