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Civil Engineering Journal

cej
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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 1,848 Documents

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Behavior of Precast Prestressed Concrete Segmental Beams Al-Sherrawi, Mohannad Husain; Allawi, Abbas A.; AL-Bayati, Basim H.; Al Gharawi, Mohanned; El-Zohairy, Ayman
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 3 (2018): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The structural behavior of Segmental Precast Post-tensioned Reinforced Concrete (SPPRC) beams largely depends on the behavior of the joints that connect between the segments. In this research, series of static tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of full-scale SPPRC beams with different types of epoxy-glued joint configurations; multi-key joint, single key, and plain key joint. The reference specimen was monolithically casted beam and the other specimens were segmental beams with five segments for each one. The general theme from the experimental results reflects an approximate similarity in the behavior of the four beams with slight differences. Due to the high tensile strength of the used epoxy in comparison to concrete, cracks at joints occurred in the concrete cover which was attached to the epoxy mortar.

Analyzing Microscopic Behavioral between Two Phases of Follower and Leader in Traffic Oscillation with Developing Artificial Neural Networks Mirbaha, Babak; Abdi Kordani, Ali; Salehikalam, Arsalan; Akbarinia, Farzad; Zarei, Mohammad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 3, No 7 (2017): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (980.535 KB)

A Sudden speed drop in the leader vehicle of vehicle platoon results in propagating the deceleration wave from downstream towards the upstream flow. Points of wave propagation of the leader vehicle towards the follower vehicle identification are done based on Newellâs theory in trajectory data. Deceleration wave propagates based on two parameters, time and space, Ï- Î´. A follower driver performs different behavioural reactions that they result in deviating follower driver from Newellâs trajectory. In this paper, follower driver behaviour was identified based on two theories. The asymmetric microscopic driving behaviour theory and traffic hysteresis were used during the deceleration and acceleration phases, respectively. The data trajectories were classified into different traffic phases. Driverâs parameters were identified at the microscopic level. Since the follower driver had the nonlinear behaviour, artificial neural networks were developed. They were able to analysis and identify effective parameters of dependent variable between deceleration phases leading to congestion phase, based on the behavioural patterns. Analysis results present effective parameters based on any behavioural patterns. Spacing difference of two phases, deceleration and congestion phases, was the most effective parameter of both two behavioural patterns, under reaction â timid and over reaction â timid. Increasing the spacing difference of two phases results in decreasing (increasing) time based on under reaction â timid (over reaction â timid)..

Evaluating the Relationship between Operating Speed and Collision Frequency of Rural Multilane Highways Based on Geometric and Roadside Features Behzad Bamdad Mehrabani; Babak Mirbaha
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 3 (2018): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Speed is one of the main functional factors that affect road safety in terms of both collision occurrence and collision severity. Previous studies have shown that several roadside and geometric features affect road safety and operating speed. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of roadside and geometric features on operating speed and collision frequency, simultaneously. For this purpose, the operating speed data of 103 segments along with their accident data and roadside and geometric characteristics were collected. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with latent variables was employed to model operating speed and collision frequency, simultaneously. Two latent variables including “geometric effect” and “roadside effect” were defined in SEM. The first latent variable is the combination of the natural logarithm of the segment length, longitudinal slope, the presence of a 2-meter paved shoulder, and curvature of the segment. The indicators of the second latent variable are the number of accesses and the presence of residential land use. The results show that the latent variable “roadside effect” increases collision frequency by a standard regression weight of 3.455; however, it reduces operating speed by a standard regression weight of –0.385. Also, the latent variable “geometric effect” causes an opposite effect on collision frequency and operating speed by the standard regression weight of –5.313 and 0.730, respectively. Besides, lower operating speed causes a reduction in the collision frequency by the standard regression weight of 7.734. The results of this study can be useful for designers and road safety agencies to improve road safety.

Evaluation of Various Brands of Moisture Meters in Gypsum and Wood Substrates at a Range of Moisture Contents Abel Crean
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 3, No 9 (2017): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Determining correct moisture content of wetted building materials and analysis of corresponding locations, orientations, and patterns is of imminent value to Forensic Engineers and building scientists. As many building damages relate to insurance claims and construction defect/ subrogation lawsuits, legal challenges to the accuracy of measured moisture content have arisen. The objective of this study was to independently establish the level of precision of common moisture meters used to quantify and measure moisture content in building components. The study tested four different brand moisture meters in gypsum and wood substrates at normal, high, and saturated moisture contents. The results were compared against laboratory obtained moisture content to assess the accuracy of each meter in the substrate and at which moisture content range.The study wetted wood and gypsum specimens to moderate and saturated conditions and measured the resulting moisture content with the four different brands of meters. Control wood and gypsum specimens were not exposed to water and their moisture content was measured as is. All of the wood and gypsum specimens were subsequently sent to a laboratory and moisture content was calculated by the oven-dry method. The moisture content results measured by moisture meters were compared against the laboratory obtained data. Data was averaged and plotted with moisture content of various specimens and visually analysed to determine which meters deviated from the laboratory data and at which moisture contents. Data was also numerically analysed and graphed to quantify meter moisture content accuracy as compared to laboratory obtained moisture content.Moisture meters should be used within the manufacturer specified range of moisture content and price may not be the best indicator of moisture meter accuracy. At low ranges of moisture content in wood and gypsum, all meters exhibited relatively small deviation from laboratory calculated values, while moderate and saturated conditions presented larger variations from laboratory moisture content. Composite materials such as gypsum may be difficult to establish moisture content, as different materials such as the gypsum core and paper facing absorb and distribute moisture differently. All meters were successful in detecting wet conditions, but exhibited a lack of precision in determining exact values in moderate and saturated conditions. In this regard, meters may be improved as the industry demands not only detecting wet conditions but determining precise values at a full range of moisture contents. Future studies may be limited to monolithic materials as oven dry method returns an average value of the respective paper and gypsum components in gypsum board specimens, and thus contained an inherent margin of error.

Modeling of Dowel Jointed Rigid Airfield Pavement under Thermal Gradients and Dynamic Loads Ahmed Ebrahim Abu El-Maaty; Ghada Mousa Hekal; Eman Muhammed Salah El-Din
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2016): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Concrete pavements have been widely used for constructing runways, taxiways, and apron areas at airports. The aviation industry has responded to increased demand for air travel by developing longer, wider, and heavier aircraft with increasing numbers of wheels to support the aircraft while in ground operation. Many researchers developed their models based on the finite element method (FEM) for the analysis of jointed concrete pavement. Despite the notable improvement, important considerations were overlooked. These simplifications may affect the results of the developed models and make them unrealistic. Sensitivity studies were conducted in this study to investigate the effect of the loading parameters on the load transfer efficiency (LTE) indictors where concept of LTE is fundamental in airfield design procedures. The effect of main gear loading magnitudes in different wheel configurations combined with positive and negative thermal gradients was investigated. The verification process was presented to increases the confidence in the model results. Understanding the response of rigid airfield pavement under such circumstances is important developing a new pavement design procedure, as well as implementing a suitable remedial measure for existing pavements. The results obtained that utilizing a dynamic load allows studying the fatigue cycles that pavement can be subjected under different wheel configurations. Moreover, the change in the thermal gradient from positive to negative significantly changed the slab curvature shape.

Modeling Groundwater Surface by MODFLOW Math Code and Geostatistical Method Ahmad Tahershamsi; Atabak Feizi; Siavash Molaei
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 4 (2018): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Simulation of groundwater flow by mathematical model can be used for developing aquifer balance element analysis scenarios, explaining conditions of droughts, definition of prohibitive extraction policies and analyzing the qualitative models. In this study, the development of a quantitative model in terms of the main parameters affecting on the water surface changes has been performed for the Ardebil plain (located in NW of Iran). Accordingly, a comprehensive processing of raw data sets has been carried-out by means of MODFLOW mathematical model. Also to simulate the groundwater surface changes in the mentioned plain, the geo-statistical method has been used. Results indicate that the mathematical model used in the aquifer balance simulation for the Ardebil plain has approximately 2% relative normal root-mean-square error (NRMSE). This small NRSMSE confirms the model accuracy for the Ardebil plain using the calibration data. Moreover, comparing the results of this method and the ones obtained by mathematical model performed by examining some error criteria like RMSE, Mean, ASE and MS, it is found that the accuracy of the mathematical model is higher than the geostatistical method and the main reason for this is the distribution of uncertainty in a few available piezometric points in the geostatistical method.

Compressive Strength and Bulk Density of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) with Polypropylene (PP) Pellets as Partial Replacement for Sand Jonathan David Lasco; Marish Madlangbayan; Marloe Baclayon Sundo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 3, No 10 (2017): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Plastics are non-biodegradable and the increasing generation of plastics creates a problem of disposal. One promising approach to address this problem is to find other uses for plastics after they are used. While studies on the incorporation of waste materials in concrete abound, little attention has been given to the incorporation of plastic wastes in concrete. Also, these few studies have focused on cylindrical concrete specimens – none in online published articles, to the authors’ knowledge, has focused on concrete hollow blocks. The present study narrowed that gap by shifting the focus of research from the conventional cylindrical specimen to concrete hollow block. Thus, the main objective of the study was to assess the potential of concrete hollow blocks with PP pellets as partial replacement for sand. Polypropylene (PP), which is a subset of these plastics, were pelletized and incorporated in concrete hollow blocks as partial replacement for sand. Five batches of specimens, each with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% PP replacement (by volume) were molded and cured for 28 days. The compressive strength and bulk density of the specimens from these batches were determined and compared. Results showed that, generally, compressive strength and bulk density decrease as percent replacement increases; however, it was observed that the compressive strength of the specimens from batch with 10% PP replacement were higher compared to batches with 0% PP replacement.

Numerical Study of Energy Dissipation of Pooled Stepped Spillways Khosro Morovati; Afshin Eghbalzadeh; Saba Soori
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 2, No 5 (2016): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Water transferring to the dam downstream creates high levels of kinetic energy. Stepped spillways are amongst the most effective spillways in reducing the kinetic energy of the flow moving towards the downstream. The geometry of the steps in stepped spillways can affect the reduction of kinetic energy of the flow transferring to the downstream. Therefore, in this study the effect of different number of steps and discharge on flow pattern especially energy dissipation were investigated. The VOF method was used to simulate the flow surface and the k-ε (RNG) turbulence model was used for flow turbulence simulation. Comparing the results obtained from the numerical simulation with the experimental data indicated an acceptable level of consistency. Comparing the obtained results showed that decreasing the number of the steps of pooled stepped spillways reduced flow velocity and increased the relative energy dissipation at the end of the spillway. Decreasing the number of steps increased the turbulent kinetic energy value. Also, the maximum turbulent kinetic energy was obtained near the step’s pool. Moreover the results indicated that the value of turbulent kinetic energy increased along the spillway.

Evaluation of Legislation Adequacy in Managing Time and Quality Performance in Iraqi Construction Projects- a Bayesian Decision Tree Approach Hafeth Naji; Amer M. Ibrahim; Zainab Hassan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 5 (2018): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Delay and quality defects are significant problems in Iraqi construction projects. During the period from 2003-2014, legislation has been changed to enhance the performance of construction project. This change is done by modifying some clauses of legislation and adding or deleting the others. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of these changes by using questionnaire and Bayesian decision tree model. 30 projects were taken for the period from 2003-2014. Performance of construction project was assessed on one hand by conducting a questionnaire which depend on the impact of legislation clauses on the time and quality performance, while on the other hand Bayesian decision tree model was developed in which qualitative estimate of time and quality performance by using KNIME program. The results of questionnaire estimate the delay from very low to very high and quality from very low to high in Iraqi construction industry. The results of Bayesian decision tree model reveal that the high percentage of construction projects were implemented with very high delay and high level of quality. The model gives good accuracy in prediction time and quality performance about 86.7%. These results show the enhancement in the quality performance is greater than the time performance under the legislative change. The model can assist the Iraqi legislator in evaluation the impact of legislation on time and quality performance of construction project.

Study on the Compaction Effect Factors of Lime-treated Loess Highway Embankments Yuyu Zhang; Wanjun Ye; Zuoren Wang
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 3, No 11 (2017): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

This paper presents a study to investigate the effects of water content, lime content and compaction energy on the compaction characteristics of lime-treated loess highway embankments. Laboratory compaction tests were conducted to determine the maximum dry density and optimum water content of loess with different lime Contents (0, 3, 5 and 8%), and to examine the effects of water content, lime content and compaction energy on the value of and . In situ compaction tests were performed to obtain the in situ dry density and the degree of compaction of different lime-treated loess. Experimental embankments with different fill materials (0, 3, 5 and 8% lime treated loess) were compacted by different rollers during in situ tests. The results indicate that increases due to the increase of water content . Once water content exceeds , dry density decreases dramatically. The addition of lime induced the increase of and the decrease of . A higher compaction energy results in a higher value of and a lower value of . The value of achieves it’s maximum value when in situ water content was larger than the value of (+1-2%). The degree of compaction can hardly be achieved to 100% in the field construction of embankments. Higher water content and compaction energy is needed for optimum compaction.

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