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Civil Engineering Journal

cej
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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 1,848 Documents

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Analytical and Numerical Modelling of One-Dimensional Consolidation of Stabilized Peat Leong Sing Wong; Shamini Somanathan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The objective of the paper is to compare and evaluate analytical and numerical solutions of one-dimensional consolidation of stabilized peat. The type of analytical method used to solve the problem is exact method by separation of variables and utilization of Fourier series. Plaxis 2D 8.2 Professional version software was used to find numerical solution to the problem by employing the finite element method. One-dimensional consolidation problem of stabilized peat was solved numerically and validated with the one solved analytically based on laboratory experimental results. From the results, it was discovered that the consolidation characteristics of stabilized peat evaluated numerically were found to have close approximation to those evaluated analytically. There is a novel value in developing an accurate numerical prediction for the vertical consolidation of stabilized peat considering the complexity of the soil treatment method. It must be noted that peat is highly problematic because it is produced from plant decomposition with extremely high organic matter.

Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Small Dams Based on T-Paired Sample Test Using SPSS Software Bhatti, Nabi Bux; Siyal, Altaf Ali; Qureshi, Abdul Latif; Bhatti, Imtiaz Ali
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

A dam is a barrier/structure that impounds water and retains it for later use. Thus, it plays an important role and offers a reserve stock of water for rural communities in remote areas. The present study was conducted to assess the socio-economic impact of small dams on local communities. The impact was analyzed based on descriptive statistics and t- paired sample tests using SPSS software to study and analyze the Nagarparkar area, Sindh, Pakistan. Primary and secondary data were used for collecting the data. The data was collected randomly from 250 people through interviews and group discussions Also, 104 sets of data were obtained through a questionnaire survey. The overall results summary of the parameters revealed that a significantly positive variation occurred in the study area after construction of the dam. The number of the packa houses and water depth were increased. The distance to collect water and water-fetching time were decreased 6% and 5.61 % respectively. The overall average area cultivated with crops was increased by 26.55%. The average yield of almost every crop in both Rabi and Kharif seasons were increased by 55% in the areas surrounding the dams. The overall number of livestock was increased by 18.08%, while the number of horses decreased by 1.5% after construction of the dam. The income, expenditure, and savings have increased significantly to 36.16%, 17.68%, and 32.15%, respectively, while the migration rate has decreased19.09% since construction of the dam. The choice of crops has also changed from inferior crops to superior and market-oriented crops. The water table and quality have improved, and wells have been recharged.

Synthetic Grey Water Treatment Through FeCl3-Activated Carbon Obtained from Cotton Stalks and River Sand Mian Jawaduddin Pirzada; Sheeraz Ahmed Memon; Narain Das Bheel; Farhad Ali; Nisar Ahmed Gabol; Abdul Wahab Abro
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The research objective was to reclaim greywater through simple, easily available, and cost-effective methods. For this purpose, an activated charcoal was prepared from biomass (cotton stalk) through the pyrolysis process and sand collected from river Indus. Both materials were subjected to separate columns and applied as filters. Whereas, the efficiency of both materials as filter media was analyzed on the synthetic grey water (SGW). The formulation of synthetic greywater was a complicated process because the selection of ingredients and their amount should not exceed from the real grey water. So, for the presence of fecal contamination, a small amount (10 ml L-1) of settled sewage was added to the distilled water, while to mimic the organic load, several chemical products of technical grade were also added. The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of this SGW were tested before and after treatment. The results show that both mediums (AC and river sand) were very effective in the greywater treatment. The removal efficiency for BOD and COD was up to 91.2%, and 70% respectively. Similarly, the removal measure for turbidity was 91.3%. While the pH showed that the synthetic grey water was alkaline in nature with a value of 10 because the washing detergents used during the preparation of SGW, but after passing through both filter columns, pH was observed in between 7 and 8 units. Furthermore, the removal value examined after passing SGW from both columns for total coliforms was 46.87 CFU/100 ml from1500 CFU/100 ml.

Simple Equations for Considering Spatial Variability on the Bearing Capacity of Clay Davood Azan; Abdolhossein Haddad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In the present paper, the effect of spatial variability of undrained shear strength on the bearing capacity of shallow strip footing on clay was investigated and two new and simple equations were introduced for incorporating the effect of soil variability parameters on the undrained bearing capacity of strip footing on clay. For investigating the spatial variability of clay, undrained shear strength was assumed as a spatial variable parameter with the use of random field theory. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to obtain the probability distribution of the bearing capacity of footing on nonhomogeneous clay. The spatial variability of the undrained shear strength was investigated using three controlling parameters: coefficient of variation (COV) of the undrained shear strength as well as the scales of fluctuation of the shear strength in horizontal and vertical directions. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and finite difference method were used to model the plastic behaviour of soil and calculate the bearing capacity of the footing. The results show that by increasing the COV of the undrained shear strength, the average bearing capacity decreases while the COV of the bearing capacity increases. Moreover, the average bearing capacity of footing has an approximate increasing trend with increasing the scales of fluctuation.

Behavior of Laminated Reinforced Concrete Curved Beam with Changing Concrete Properties Hesham A. Numan; Waleed A. Waryosh; Shaima Sabri Ali
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Strengthening and upgrading the performance reinforced concrete curved structures for functional purpose as well as for conversation of architectural aesthetic aspect is the main concern for engineers. In the present study, four full-scale experimental Curved Reinforced Concrete (CRC) beams conducted. The cross-section of all CRC beams was T-section. The parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effect of time of casting segmental layers (web and flange) and the compressive strength of concrete on the structural behavior of such structures. Three values of compressive strength of concrete used in this study, these are (25, 50, 75 MPa). The control specimen casting as one unit with the compressive strength of concrete was 25 MPa. The present outcomes showed that the increase in the compressive strength of concrete up to 75 MPa of the flange zone plays a significant role in raising the ultimate capacity by 22.86% and reducing the deflection by 61.43% in the quarter span as compared with control specimen. Additionally, the trend and distribution of cracks, mode of failure, and strain response of CRC specimens are briefly discussed in this study.

Application of ANP Network Analysis Process Method in SWOT Model Fardin Nezafati Namin; Hamid Rez Askari; Sirous Ramesh; Seyed Masoud Mousavi Hassani; Esmat Khanmohammadi; Heydar Ebrahimi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Strategy is a comprehensive program for an action which defines the major directions of an organization and provides guidelines for resources allocation on the course to achieve the long-term goals of the organization. Choosing the right strategy is a complex and even risky task. This is because each strategy leads the organization to a specific competitive environment and determines how managers plan to match the strengths and weaknesses of an organization with the environmental opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis alone does not provide an analytical tool for recognizing the importance of identified factors and evaluating various strategic options based on the factors. For this reason, SWOT analysis has some deficiencies and shortcomings in the measurement and evaluation of the factors. Although the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) can overcome these deficiencies, when there is a lack of independency and dependency between factors, the approach loses its efficiency. This is due to the fact that AHP assumes the possibility of factors involved in an independent hierarchy of structure if this assumption cannot be accepted for examining the effects of the internal and external environment. Therefore, a tool to consider and assess the possible dependencies among the factors has been needed. In this paper, an algorithm is presented based on the network analysis process, which can work well even when there is a dependency between the SWOT factors. Then, the green space conditions in Tehran's district 19 are analyzed by SWOT analysis where this algorithm is considered as a real case.

Stress Concentration Factors (SCFs) in Circular Hollow Section CHS-to-H-shaped Section Welded T-Joints under Axial Compression Abderlahman Ismaeel Hamdan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of non-dimensional geometric parameters on stress concentration factors (SCFs) of circular hollow section CHS brace-to-H-shaped section T-connections under axial compression. This type of welded joints is used increasingly in steel construction. However, its fatigue design is not covered by codes, and its fatigue strength has not been given the deserved attention by researchers. This research, however, bridges the gab on SCFs in this type of welded connections when being loaded in axial compression. here, parametric study based on the numerical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of CHS brace diameter to H-shaped chord flange width ratio (β), H-shaped chord flange width to thickness ratio (2γ) and CHS brace thickness to H-shaped chord flange thickness ratio (τ) on SCFs in the brace and the chord of the connection. Based on practical considerations, the validity range of these parameters was 0.3 ≤ β ≤ 0.7, 16 ≤ 2γ ≤ 30 and 0.2 ≤ τ ≤ 0.1. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) study using commercial software ABAQUS was performed to study the hot spot stress distribution and hence SCFs in this type of welded joints. To begin with, the results of FEM were verified against available experimental data and good agreement was achieved. Afterwards, 48 joints were modeled in Abaqus to study the effect of geometrical parameter on SCFs in brace and chord. Based on the results of this extensive study, the effect of geometrical parameters was revealed. The paper, thus, shows that whilst β increases, SCFs in the brace and chord increases. Moreover, increasing the parameter 2γ results in an increase in SCFs in the two members. However, the change in τ has no significant effect on the SCFs in the brace or the chord. Values of SCFs are found to be between 2 and 7.

Effect of Size and Location of Square Web Openings on the Entire Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Waleed A. Jasim; Abbas A. Allawi; Nazar Kamil Ali Oukaili
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study which was carried out to examine the influence of the size and the layout of the web openings on the load carrying capacity and the serviceability of reinforced concrete deep beams. Five full-scale simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams with two large web openings created in shear regions were tested up to failure. The shear span to overall depth ratio was (1.1). Square openings were located symmetrically relative to the midspan section either at the midpoint or at the interior boundaries of the shear span. Two different side dimensions for the square openings were considered, mainly, (200) mm and (230) mm. The strength results proved that the shear capacity of the deep beam is governed by the size and location of web openings. The experimental results indicated that the reduction of the shear capacity may reach (66%). ABAQUS finite element software program was used for simulation and analysis. Numerical analyses provided un-conservative estimates for deep beam load carrying capacity in the range between (5-21%). However, the maximum scatter of the finite element method predictions for first diagonal and first flexural cracking loads was not exceeding (17%). Also, at service load the numerical of midspan deflection was greater than the experimental values by (9-18%).

The Benefits of and Challenges to Implement 5D BIM in Construction Industry Amjed Naeem Hasan; Sawsan M. Rasheed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is known as one of the prominent sectors contributing to economic in Iraq. On the other hand, this sector suffers from poor quality, poor communication, and cost overruns and delay project completion. Time and cost estimation are two major critical processes in construction management, to conduct estimation must plans and specification are completed. Manually estimate is time consuming and error prone because human activities. Building information modelling (BIM) can be used to automate these processes in short time and accurate estimate, BIM is a relative new technology in architect, engineering, and construction industry (AEC), which has a major effect in construction industry practices. The 3D model is the geometry model and when attached time will be 4D and 5D when attached cost. The aim of this study is to provide clear understanding about 5D BIM in Iraqi construction industry by investigating benefits, challenges, and motivation factors that helps in applying it. The results show that the awareness rate of Iraqi engineers about BIM is actually weak with 67.5% of respondents, main advantages of BIM technology are collaboration, digital representation, visualization, effective QTO tool, and reduce change order, respectively, the main challenges that facing BIM are culture resistance, thoughts recent software and traditional approach are enough of 5D BIM tools, respectively; the main motivation factors that help in BIM adoption are adapted in universities and government support. The Iraqi construction industry is remained behind in adopting the BIM capabilities related to time (4D BIM) and cost management (5D BIM). This research helps as a stepping-stone to study further to promoting BIM application in the Iraqi construction industry.

Infill Architecture as a Solution for Livability and Historical Texture Quality Promotion Nasrollah Beiglu, Fatemeh Bayandur; Husseini Ghafari, Seyyed Mohammad; Taheri, Aazam
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

A brief glance at the city view of Iranian historical cities shows valuable ancient textures, all of which were enjoying appropriate liveliness, mobility and hilarity no longer ago. Today, our urban worn out textures are abandoned due to different reasons. This is while, if the textures enjoy safe, appropriate and lively spaces, organized joy and healthy recreations compatible with the society’s values will take place in them. Organizing cities and historical textures is of great importance for two reasons: one is respecting the elders’ heritages and the other one is obviating limits caused by urban texture decay. Inattention to organizing and restoring worn out historical textures plans during several years have caused them to lose their liveliness, efficiency and former activity. Livability is one of the greatest urban planning ideas in the contemporary period. Livability creation among cities of developing countries is a concerning issue and paying less attention to the issue causes liveliness and livability cadence and texture decay, consequently. Hence, paying attention to life quality, conditions, equipment and the urban residents’ needs are vital issues. Finally, infill solution is presented in the framework of renovation and improvement for promotion of quality and empowerment of historical and worn out urban textures along with influential factors of developing such textures.

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