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Civil Engineering Journal

cej
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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 1,848 Documents

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Risk-Reduction Credit for Very Early Warning Fire Detection at Nuclear Power Plants: From FAQ to Fiction Raymond HV Gallucci
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In 2004, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), with support from the commercial nuclear power industry, adopted the 2001 Edition of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 805, “Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants,” as the means by which commercial nuclear power licensees could comply with Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50.48(c), to replace deterministic fire protection licensing bases with ones that are risk-informed and performance-based. To facilitate licensee “transitions” to the new licensing bases via NFPA 805, a “Frequently Asked Questions” (FAQs) program, established early during the pilot-plant phase, was expanded to enable use of consensus technical “short-cuts” for fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods. These “Fire PRA FAQs” enabled licensees, with NRC approval, to bypass more traditional means of establishing acceptable PRA method enhancements on an interim basis, pending eventual confirmation by test programs and/or more detailed analyses. The NRC approved several, of which perhaps the most substantial in providing risk reduction benefits was FAQ 08-0046 on “Incipient Fire Detection Systems,” more accurately characterized as “Very Early Warning Fire Detection Systems” (VEWFDSs). Controversial from the start, the hidden story behind this FAQ’s initial adoption is relevant to examination of the NRC NUREG report that later replaced it and remains in effect today. This article examines this backstory, tracing recommendations that were proposed and bypassed, then examines alternatives to the current guidance. These alternatives, which maximize possible risk reduction credit for VEWFDSs at nuclear power plants, remain at least a factor of two less than the current peak NUREG-2180 risk-reduction factor even before the latter accounts for the possibility of fire pre-emption altogether.

The Response of Residents of the Building and Non-structural Components, in Contrast to Explosions at Ground Level from the Standpoint of Passive Defense Mozaffarpour Taromi, MohammadReza; Khosravi, Hossein
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The research by non-military research associations and assemblies on explosion have increased due to the growth in the death and damage rates resulting from explosion, particularly blasts induced by terroristic invasions which mostly occur on the ground. Most studies are conducted with a major focus on strengthening the structures against explosions. Further, scholars have focused on resistance and ductility criteria required for the design and control over structural elements. Now, the question is whether the health of a structure can represent its inhabitantsâ€™ health. Few studies have been done on the convenience of inhabitants and response of non-structural elements, which are limited to impact of vibrations on high-rise structures caused by the loads imposed by wind and earthquake. The important factors relevant to the health and convenience of building inhabitants are as follows: speed, acceleration, and variations in the acceleration of floors.In this paper, the aforementioned parameters are measured, according to which the convenience and health of inhabitants were assessed. For this purpose, two 4-story and 8-story buildings were selected on which four selective explosions were applied. The results were then presented in two forms of maximum values and dynamic response by performing dynamic modal linear time history analysis. The building's response under typical forces such as dead and live and earthquake forces was remarkably desirable and the behavior remained linear, but the buildingâ€™s acceleration may cause serious injuries in terms of human comfort criteria. The obtained results indicated that the healthy state of the structure does not represent the health of the building inhabitants. Further, although the building was safe against the elective blasts, the lateral accelerations were capable of imposing significant damages to the building residents. This can be considered as a criterion for control and future designs from a passive defense point of view, as the explosions induced by terroristic attacks is increasing.

Numerical Study of the Force Transfer Mechanism and Seismic Behavior of Masonry Infilled RC Frames with Windows Opening Ebrahim Khalilzadeh Vahidi; Reza Moradi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Masonry infilled walls are widely used in reinforced concrete (RC) frams worldwide. However, infilled RC frame building failure is a common mode in destructive earthquakes. Further researcher is needed to bring insightful understandings into the behaviors of these structures. Therefore, this study investigates seismic parameters, ultimate tensile damage, and force transfer mechanisms in a reinforced concrete structure under in-plan load. For this purpose, the definitions and the relevant literature were reviewed. Then, an analytical software supporting an infill model was selected and described altogether with a particular modeling approach. Calibrating software results with those presented by Abdulhafez et al. (2014), the researchers designed a series of planer one-story one-bay reinforced concrete frames upon ACI 318M-14 Building Code. The seismic behavior of infilled frames were also studied using finite element method. Force transfer mechanisms in infilled frame with opening, which is one of the important items, was investigated in this study. Comparing the analysis outcomes with the bar frame, it was indicated that the ultimate load, stiffness, and toughness of the full in-filled frame were increased while the ductility was decreased. It was also revealed that the presence of opening in infilled frame decreased the ultimate load, stiffness and toughness corresponding full infilled frame. In addition, the increasing of opening size increased the reduction of the ultimate load, stiffness and toughness.

Modeling of Management Processes of Construction Company Business for Increase in its Competitive Stability Bazanov, Vladimir Evgenievich
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The construction organizations lack adaptive infrastructure. It is required to use more intensively SMART-technologies of design and construction. Purposes of this article: a) the system analysis of categories "competitiveness", "stability", "rating of the company" for the construction organizations; b) to construct and investigate economic and mathematical model of competitiveness of the construction organization; c) to determine parameters of self-organization of construction company; d) to construct an identification algorithm for model. These new tasks also answer the purposes of modern construction business, problems of forecasting of its development. Using methods of the system analysis and modeling, in work three levels of the analysis of construction business are considered: macrolevel (level of the state), mesolevel (level of the region) and microlevel (level of the company). For example, 10 various classes of competitiveness of construction companies are offered. It improves the classification used traditionally. The new economic and mathematical model on the basis of production functions of type of Cobb-Douglas is constructed. The algorithm of its identification on the basis of situational scenarios is also developed. The algorithm finds parameters which will allow to define competitiveness of construction company a priori. The offered research has a development, for example, is possible to use for the forecast of adaptation of the enterprise.

Analysis of Red-Light Violation Behavior of Pedestrian Two-Stage Crossing at a Signalized Intersection Guo, Yongqing; Wang, Xiaoyuan; Meng, Xinqiang; Wang, Jie; Liu, Yaqi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Studying pedestriansâ€™ twice-crossing behavior is of great significance to enhance safety and efficiency for pedestrians at signalized intersections. However, researchers have paid little attention to analyze and model pedestriansâ€™ red-light running behavior on a two-stage crossing at signalized intersections. This paper focuses on analyzing the characteristics of pedestrian red-light violation behavior at the two stages, including the time distribution of violation behavior, the consistency of violation behavior, and the violation behavior in group.Â A goal-oriented and time-driven red-light violation behavior model was proposed for pedestrian two-stage crossing. A video-recording method was used to collect field data, and the results show that pedestrians in the two directions present different red-light violation behaviors in time selection and violation count, as well as, pedestrians in the two stages of a direction present different red-light violation behaviors in time selection. The main reasons leading to the phenomena were analyzed, regarding from peopleâ€™s cognitive psychology and visual perception. The results also show that the proposed model is effective in simulating pedestrian red-light violation behavior of twice crossing. This research provides a theoretical basis for optimizing signal timing, improving pedestrian safety and developing user-friendly transportation system.

Evaluation of Steel Industrial Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Affan Jalil; Anwar Khitab; Hamza Ishtiaq; Syed Hassan Bukhari; Muhammad Tausif Arshad; Waqas Anwar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Cement is the most important ingredient in concrete, which acts as a binding material. It is evaluated that cement is the second largest industrial source of CO2 on earth. This demands a partial or full replacement of cement by an environment-friendly material. In this research industrial waste slag from a local Steel Mill, namely Mangla Metals was selected as possible replacement of cement. Some preliminary standard tests conducted on the slag showed its strong chances to be used as pozzolana. Slag used for this study was reduced to the particle size passing through ASTM standard sieve #100. Concrete specimens containing 10% and 20% replacement of cement by slag were prepared. The mechanical properties like compressive, split cylinder tensile and flexure strength were determined as per standard ASTM methods. Tests were conducted at 3, 7 and 28 days of concrete age. Results show a decrease of 14% in compressive strength, 7.5% in tensile strength and 10.5% in flexure strength for 10% replacement vis-à-vis control specimens at 28 days. For 20% replacement, the decrease in compressive, tensile and flexure strength are 25.5%, 29%, 31% respectively. Additionally, ASTM standard strength activity index test with finer slag particles passing through ASTM sieve #200 provided compressive strength more than that of control specimen. Based on the results, it is concluded that the industrial slag has the potential to partially replace the cement if slag is ground to the particles, passing through ASTM sieve #200. This could lead to a huge reduction of cement quantity in concrete and the environmental burden due to deposition of waste slag in landfills.

Effect of Pile Spacing on Group Efficiency in Gypseous Soil Noman, Bilal Jabbar; Abd-Awn, Safaa H.; Abbas, Hassan O.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

As a matter of fact, the gypseous soil is usually considered as collapsible soil, such type of soil illustrates high resistance to settlement and high bearing capacity when it is dry, but it loses these characteristics when it is inundated and collapses excessively because of the sudden decrease in the volume of the surrounding soil mass. It is founded in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world in Asia, South Asia (Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, and Iran), North Africa, North America, moreover, it covers more than (31%) of the surface area in Iraq. Gypseous soil is one of the most difficult problems facing the process of building any project because of the difficulty of preventing leakage of water to the soil in practice. Deep foundation (piles) are one of the most common types used in collapsible soils which penetrating problematic soil layers and reaching more hard ones (end bearing piles) or transfers loads depending on skin friction (floating pile). The current work is directed to study the behavior of single and group driven pile of square pattern (4 piles) in case of floating pile (friction pile) with different spacing (2D, 4D, 6D) and length to diameter (L/D) ratio of (20) in this special medium dense soil (gypsum content 30% and 61%) under axial load condition. The investigation was carried out to measure the soil collapse before and after inundation. The results showed that the group efficiency for spacing 2D is less than one while for spacing 4D and 6D are more than that value. In addition, the spacing 4D was more efficient to carry 4 group pile in both dry and soaked cases, in addition, the result showed a high reduction in the bearing capacity at inundation state of group pile of (82% in gypsum content 30%) and ( 87% in gypsum content 61%) with respect to dry state.

Investigation of k-Îµ Turbulent Models and Their Effects on Offset Jet Flow Simulation Boroomand, Mohammad Reza; Mohammadi, Amirhossein
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In the case in which relatively low thickness and high-velocity flow enter into the lower velocity fluid, the resulting interference field of these two flows is called the jet. This phenomenon is the dominant output of power plants and some of the dams. The jets can be divided into two categories of free jets and confined jets, caused by the distance from the discharge to limited boundaries points. The offset jet is a type of confined jet in which both free surface and wall boundaries are near the diffusion location. The jet flow due to the extreme curvature in the main flow path and the proximal portion of this flow with solid boundaries have characteristics that make it difficult to solve with simple turbulence models.In this research, the offset jet phenomenon and related issues have been investigated. For this purpose, the offset jet flow pattern and probable factors in the complexity of this model have been simulated using Fluent software which analyses fluid flow in a two dimensional and three dimensional finite volume method. The simulation of offset jet flow pattern has been performed with a focus on investigating different models of turbulence k-Îµ, also boundary conditions, various wall functions and other effective coefficients in the numerical model and the model results compared with test case data findings and validating results, the necessary approaches in numerical simulation of this phenomenon for using in the next stages had been taken.

Comparing the Effect of Nanomaterial and Traditional Fillers on the Asphalt Mixture Properties Hamedi, Gholam Hossein; Sohrabi, Mohsen; Sakanlou, Farhad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Several parameters affect asphalt mix performance against loading and environmental conditions. Minor changes in the filler amount or type can cause obvious changes in the asphalt mixture properties. Accordingly, in this research attempts have been made to optimally make asphalt mixture strong against loading and environmental conditions by changing the type, size and percentage of filler used in asphalt mixture. In this line, the effect of two types of cement and nano-silica fillers in two different percentages was investigated and compared as an alternative for part of the main filler in asphalt mixture samples made by two types of limestone and granite aggregate. Cement filler by 2% and 4% of the aggregate mass as the alternative for part of the main filler is added to stone materials before mixing with binder, but nano-silica filler by 2% and4 % of weight of the binder as the alternative for part of the main filler is added to binder and a modified and homogeneous binder is produced using a high speed mixer. In the following, considering the optimum binder content for each mixture, resilient modulus tests were conducted to determine the strength performance against loading and indirect tensile strength ratio was used to determine moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures. Results obtained from resilient modulus tests show that the use of nano-silica and cement has been capable of favorably improving the resilient modulus of samples containing these two types of fillers. The improvement of the resilient modulus of samples containing nano-silica is very significant. Additionally, the studies conducted based on the indirect tensile strength ratio show that both types of alternative fillers, especially cement has been capable of desirably improve the strength of asphalt mixtures against moisture damage.

Green and Sustainable Concrete – The Potential Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Egg Shells Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial; Wan Inn Goh; Kim Hung Mo; Samiullah Sohu; Imtiaz Ali Bhatti
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2019): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Concrete which is widely used material in the construction industry, has a carbon footprint. Approximately 10% of global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas is emitted during the production of cement which is vital ingredient of concrete. The increase in production of cement affects global warming and climate change. Therefore, many have attempts have been made to develop green and sustainable concrete by utilizing different waste materials. With the utilization of waste materials as cement replacement, the CO2 gas emissions can be reduced as well as resolve the environmental issues that the inhabitants face during the disposal of such waste materials. This paper reviews the potential and innovative utilization of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Eggshells as partial cement replacement to develop green concrete. RHA which is rich in silica and eggshells contain identical amount of calcium oxide as cement, when finely grinded and used together as partial cement replacement, can trigger a pozzolanic reaction, in which silica reacts with calcium oxide resulting in the formation of calcium silicates which are responsible for achieving higher strengths.

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