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Al-MARSHAD: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara
ISSN : 24425729     EISSN : 25982559     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Education,
Astronomy Education
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan, published by the Observatorium Ilmu Falak, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (UMSU), Medan, Indonesia, which includes articles on the scientific research field of Islamic astronomy observatory and others. Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan accepts manuscripts in the field of research includes scientific fields relevant to: Islamic astronomy observatory and others. Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan published Twice a year in June and December.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 153 Documents
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The Development of Assalaam Observatory from the Perspective of Amin Abdullah's Mit Paradigm Riadi, AR Sugeng
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 11, No 2 (2025): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v11i2.28131

Abstract

Indonesian Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) face modernization challenges demanding knowledge integration. Observatories are significant legacies of Islamic civilization, serving to study celestial bodies and strengthen faith. Pondok Pesantren Modern Islam Assalaam Sukoharjo became the first pesantren in Indonesia with an official observatory, inaugurated on July 6, 2015. This research analyzes how Observatorium Assalaam implements Amin Abdullah's Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, and Transdisciplinary (MIT) paradigm, which rejects the dichotomy between religious and general sciences. Although the observatory development predates the formal MIT theory publication, the actions taken align with the paradigm. Observatorium Assalaam functions as a laboratory integrating natural sciences (astronomy) with Islamic sciences (fiqh and sociology) for determining the hijri calendar, qibla direction, prayer times, eclipse phenomena, and enhancing astronomical literacy among students and the public. Challenges include the absence of astronomy in formal curricula and shortage of human resources. Through this approach, Observatorium Assalaam strives to produce Muslims strong in faith, noble character, and expert in science and technology. 
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Automatic Crescent Moon Detection System Using Teachable Machine Model on Web Platform Walhidayah, Ravik; Ismail, Ismail
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 11, No 2 (2025): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v11i2.26166

Abstract

The issue of the visibility of the new moon (hilal) often becomes a recurring debate, especially during two major Islamic occasions: the determination of the beginning of Ramadan and the start of Dhu al-Hijjah for Eid al-Adha. In the practice of rukyat (moon sighting), claims of hilal sightings are frequently made without strong or objective evidence. Therefore, the utilization of artificial intelligence technology, particularly in the field of image classification, presents a potential solution to improve the accuracy and objectivity of the moon sighting process. This research employs an image classification model trained using the Teachable Machine platform. The trained model is then integrated into a websitesite developed using HTML, CSS, and Python, and hosted via the github service. Through this websitesite, rukyat observers can upload photos of the sky captured during moon observation. The AI model will then analyze the uploaded image to determine whether the hilal is visible or not. This system is expected to serve as a scientific and modern tool to support the moon sighting process.
Bioastronomy and Life Exploration in the Universe: Conceptual Review and Educational Implications Amrizal, Amrizal
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 11, No 2 (2025): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v11i2.28279

Abstract

Bioastronomy (astrobiology) explores the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe and the search for life in extraterrestrial environments. This paper provides a conceptual review of key bioastronomy concepts—including biosignature definitions, habitability models, and both in situ and remote detection approaches—as well as examining pedagogical implications for formal and non-formal science teaching. The method is a systematic literature review of primary publications and reviews, along with a simple simulation to illustrate the application of a habitability index to a sample of hypothetical exoplanets. Findings show significant advances in biosignature assessment frameworks, life detection mission resources and strategies, and the growth of effective astrobiology education initiatives to enhance students’ interest and critical thinking skills. Simulation demonstrates strong variation in habitability indices influenced by stellar flux, equilibrium temperature, and water/biosignature scores. The discussion connects scientific results with educational practice: interdisciplinary astrobiology models offer rich contexts to develop science literacy, scientific reasoning, and analog-based laboratory experiences. Pedagogical recommendations include curriculum development, teacher training, and mission-based learning strategies. The article closes with ethical and communicative notes on claims of life detection and the need for robust evidence frameworks and communication protocols. 
Application of Jean Meeus Astronomical Algorithms in Formulating a Unified Global Hijri Calendar Perkasa, Eza Budi; Irawadi, Syafrul; Sugihartono, Tri
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 11, No 2 (2025): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v11i2.26386

Abstract

Indonesia should have a trusted institution to determine the beginning of the Hijri month. To date, the determination of the beginning of the Hijri month has not been standardized because each Islamic community organization has its own criteria. One of the criteria that will be discussed in this study is the 2016 Istanbul criteria which gave birth to the concept of a Unified Global Hijri Calendar. However, fulfilling these criteria method is still not agreed upon by experts, making it difficult to socialize to the public. This calendar has been used since 1447 AH/2025 AD. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of these criteria and also attempts to implement Jean Meeus' astronomical algorithms to obtain the necessary ephemeris data. During the research process, regional datasets will be prepared according to their respective topographical conditions. The data used include the name of the region, the name of the country, latitude, longitude, and altitude. From the preparation, information will be obtained in the form of regions that can represent the time of the beginning of the Hijri month.
JavaScript-Based Digital Universal Astrolabe and Its Accuracy Test in Qibla Direction Calculation Nahwandi, M Syaoqi; Setyawan, Edy; Nadirin, Akhmad
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 11, No 2 (2025): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v11i2.26175

Abstract

The Astrolabe as a classical astronomical instrument, holds significant historical and educational value, yet its use has become limited due to technological advancements. This study aims to develop a JavaScript-based Universal Astrolabe software to digitize the functions of a physical Astrolabe, with a focus on testing the accuracy of Qibla direction calculations. The Research and Development (RD) method was implemented through stages of needs analysis, design, implementation, and accuracy testing. Test results from three locations (Cirebon, Kuala Lumpur, Istanbul) showed minor discrepancies (0°1'56"–0°4'20") between the software's calculations and those derived from the spherical triangle formula using a calculator. These differences were attributed to the smallest rotation angle rounding of the Rete (0°15') and the 1° interval scale for altitude and azimuth. The software offers advantages in flexibility, automated Rete positioning, and ease of presentation compared to physical Astrolabes, though it does not replace the function of direct observation. The interactive simulation of the Universal Astrolabe software facilitates its use for educational purposes in Islamic astronomy (‘Ilm al-Falak).
History of the Javanese Calendar in the Era of Aji Saka and Sultan Agung M. Saifulloh; Ahmad Izzuddin; Eman Sulaiman
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.28055

Abstract

A calendar is a system that provides daily, monthly, and yearly time by following natural phenomena, namely the apparent movement of the sun from east to west. Calendars did not simply appear; they were influenced by social culture and history. The Javanese calendar system was created by Aji Saka and later modified by Sultan Agung. An interesting aspect of both systems is that they follow Java's cultural traditions. The system used at the beginning of the Javanese calendar was the solar calendar system. However, with the introduction of new cultures and religions to Java, namely Islam and its influence, the calendar changed but continued to follow Aji Saka's annual numbers. The only changes in Sultan Agung's calendar system were the names of the months and the shift from a solar to a lunar calendar. This change followed the Islamic calendar, which had already been influenced by the arrival of Islam from India and Arabia. The number of days in a year also changed from 365 to 355 days. This research method uses qualitative literature that focuses on the historical origins, compares the two systems, and then examines their advantages and disadvantages.
Investigation of the Appearance of Fajr Ṣādiq as the Basis for Determining the Beginning of Subuh Prayer Time Using a Sky Quality Meter at Mount Kerinci. Rahmadi Rahmadi; Arman Abdul Rochman
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.28884

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kemunculan fajar subuh sebagai dasar penentuan awal waktu shalat subuh menggunakan Sky Quality Meter (SQM) di kaki Gunung Kerinci, Provinsi Jambi. Latar belakang penelitian ini muncul dari perbedaan kriteria sudut depresi matahari yang digunakan untuk menentukan awal waktu subuh, khususnya antara −18° dan −20°, serta temuan empiris yang menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan kualitas langit malam dan kondisi atmosfer terhadap visibilitas fajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif-deskriptif dengan pengamatan berkelanjutan yang dilakukan selama 14 hari dari tanggal 23 Oktober hingga 6 November 2025. Data kecerahan langit malam dianalisis menggunakan metode pencocokan gradien polinomial orde keenam untuk mendeteksi titik infleksi dalam peningkatan kecerahan, yang diinterpretasikan sebagai kemunculan fajar subuh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas langit malam selama periode pengamatan berkisar antara 14 hingga 17 MPASS, jauh di bawah ambang batas ideal 20,35 MPASS. Peningkatan signifikan pada kecerahan fajar terdeteksi ketika Matahari berada pada sudut depresi antara −11° dan −14°, yang berbeda dari kriteria referensi yang umum digunakan. Perbedaan ini disimpulkan sebagai akibat dari kondisi cuaca dan atmosfer yang tidak ideal, bukan koreksi terhadap kriteria yang telah ditetapkan untuk awal waktu Subuh. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya pengamatan jangka panjang dan pemilihan kondisi langit ideal dalam studi empiris penentuan waktu shalat Subuh.
The History of Istiwa’ in the Development of Islamic Falak Achmad Mauludy Zahron; Ahmad Izzuddin; Eman Sulaiman
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.28062

Abstract

The history of istiwa’ represents one of the oldest scientific heritages in the history of astronomy, marking the position of the sun directly overhead, where the shadow of a vertical object becomes minimal or disappears. Since the civilizations of Egypt and Babylonia, this method has been used to regulate time and determine geographical directions. It was later refined by Greek scholars and eventually Islamized by Muslim astronomers as an instrument of falak (miqyāsal-zill) to determine prayer times and the direction of the qiblah. This study employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, examining classical sources such as al-Qānūn al-Mas'ūdī by al-Bīrūnī and modern literature on Rashdul Qiblah. The analysis was conducted descriptively and comparatively to trace the epistemological continuity between classical traditions and contemporary practices. The findings reveal that the concept of istiwa’ evolved from empirical observation into a theoretical falak system that integrates scientific and theological dimensions. Despite the advancement of digital technologies, the shadow-based observation method remains relevant for its accuracy and spiritual value. Future research is encouraged to explore the recontextualization of istiwa’ in modern falak education to strengthen the integration of science, faith, and ecological awareness within Islamic religious practices today.
Heliocentric in the Qur'an: A Comparative Study of Tafsir Jalalain and Tafsir Ilmi of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia Opi Yensi; Laksamana Naufal Hadi; Kharismah Gulsani
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.27532

Abstract

The Qur'an contains many scientific cues that encourage humans to contemplate Allah's creation, including the phenomenon of the circulation of celestial bodies. One of the verses that is often studied in this context is Q.S. Yasin verses 38–40, which mentions the motion of the sun and moon on their respective circular lines. This verse is often associated with the theory of heliocentrism in modern astronomy, which states that the sun is the center of the solar system and the earth revolves around it. In the tradition of interpretation, the meaning of the verse develops according to the scientific context of each era. This study aims to examine and compare the interpretation of Q.S. Yasin verses 38–40 in Tafsir Jalalain as a representation of classical interpretation and Tafsir Ilmi of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia as a contemporary science-oriented interpretation. The research uses a qualitative method based on library research. The results of this study show that Tafsir Jalalain interprets the verse literally and theocentrically, while the Tafsir Ilmi of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia associates it with modern astronomy. The two do not affirm each other, but reflect the epistemological dynamics of interpretation that make the Qur'an always relevant throughout the ages. 
The Validity of the Geometry of the Hilal Position in the Hilal Observation Report at the International Astronomical Center (IAC) in 1436–1446 H George As'ad Haibatullah El Masnany; Elly Uzlifatul Jannah; Novi Sopwan
Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Vol 12, No 1 (2026): Al-Marshad
Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30596/jam.v12i1.28090

Abstract

This study examines the validity of 641 crescent moon sighting reports published by the International Astronomical Center (IAC) during the period 1436–1446 H using geometric parameters and the visibility thresholds of the Odeh (2004) model. The reports consist of 231 naked-eye observations, 57 binocular observations, 27 telescopic observations, 60 CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) observations, as well as several combinations of methods. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach with computational astronomical methods. The IAC reports were collected through documentation techniques and subsequently processed by recalculating the positions of the Moon and the Sun using the VSOP2000 and ELP2000 ephemerides in a topocentric framework at sunset and best time. The results show that naked-eye observations with ArcV 7.4989°, ArcL 9.228°, W 0.2011′, DAz 0.8029°, and lag −31.0593 minutes fall within Zones A–B; binocular observations with ArcV 3.9893°, ArcL 9.4993°, W 0.1967′, DAz 0.3329°, and lag 17.9419 minutes fall within Zones C–B; telescopic observations with ArcV 2.6134°, ArcL 6.9358°, W 0.1162′, DAz 0.1195°, and lag 15.0096 minutes fall within Zones D–C; and CCD observations with ArcV 3.4399°, ArcL 6.7413°, W 0.1033′, DAz 0.2769°, and lag 17.6455 minutes fall within Zone D. These findings indicate the necessity of automatically integrating geometric parameters to enhance the accuracy and accountability of crescent moon reporting at the IAC. 

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