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Raymond Michael Menot
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"Departemen Antropologi, FISIP, Gedung B, Lt.1, FISIP Universitas Indonesia Depok 16424"
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INDONESIA
Jurna lAntropologi Indonesia
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 1693167X     EISSN : 16936086     DOI : 10.7454
Core Subject : Social,
ANTROPOLOGI INDONESIA was published to develop and enrich scientific discussion for scholars who put interest on socio-cultural issues in Indonesia. These journals apply peer-reviewed process in selecting high quality article. Editors welcome theoretical or research based article submission. Author’s argument doesn’t need to be in line with editors. The criteria of the submitted article covers the following types of article: first, the article presents the results of an ethnographic/qualitative research in certain topic and is related with ethnic/social groups in Indonesia; second, the article is an elaborated discussion of applied and collaborative research with strong engagement between the author and the collaborator’s subject in implementing intervention program or any other development initiative that put emphasizes on social, political, and cultural issues; third, a theoretical writing that elaborates social and cultural theory linked with the theoretical discourse of anthropology, especially in Indonesia anthropology; last, the article is a critical review of anthropological reference and other ethnography books that must be published at least in the last 3 years.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 579 Documents
Anonymity in Computer-Mediated Communication: A Case Study of Groupware Communication among Indonesian NGO Activists Yanuar Nugroho
Antropologi Indonesia No 73 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

Komunikasi interpersonal, seperti percakapan, mempunyai banyak pengandaian. Misalnya, partisipan perlu mengatur proses pertukaran informasi sesuai kemampuan mereka dan memahami kemampuan pihak lain berkomunikasi. Proses semacam ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh teknologi komputer yang didesain untuk mendukung komunikasi interpersonal. Satu aspek yang dapat dipengaruhi misalnya identitas partisipan yang bisa dibuat anonim dengan membuang indikator sosialnya. Hasilnya, individu menjadi ter-deindividuasi selama proses komunikasi. Lebih lanjut, deindividuasi macam ini justru meningkatkan efektivitas komunikasi ketika melibatkan ketidaksepakatan antarorang atau kelompok. Tulisan ini membahas hasil penelitian eksperimental pengujian efek deindividuasi dari komunikasi anonim. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk menciptakan dan menguji sebuah desain sistem komunikasi termediasi-komputer (CMC, computer-mediated communication).Eksperimen ini menggunakan dua konfigurasi GNU Mailman 2.0.6 sebagai milis manager untuk mengelola pertukaran pesan. Konteks eksperimen ini adalah komunikasi antaraktivis LSM di Indonesia yang sudah terbiasa menggunakan email. Dua kelompok partisipan yang berbeda menggunakan dua konfigurasi CMC selama dua minggu untuk mendiskusikan beberapa isu. Konfigurasi eksperimental menyembunyikan identitas seluruh partisipan (versi anonim), sementara konfigurasi kontrol menampilkan alamat email secara normal (versi teridentifikasi). Perilaku politik dan kesadaran akan identitas diri dari kedua kelompok ini diamati sebelum dan sesudah periode diskusi. Seusai eksperimen didapati bahwa perubahan perilaku politik terjadi lebih besar pada kelompok anonim, sedangkan kesadaran akan identitas-diri, meski dalam konteks berbeda, tetap kuat pada kedua kelompok. Analisis pembicaraan (conversation analysis) digunakan untuk menguji formalitas dan struktur pesan, termasuk aturan dalam pembicaraan, koherensi,dan argumen. Teori-teori komunikasi dimanfaatkan untuk mengambil kesimpulan tentang desain CMC yang mendukung pencapaian konsensus.
Recent Information Technology Events in the West: A Memorial for the Economy Formerly Known as ‘New’ David Hakken
Antropologi Indonesia No 73 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

Pembahasan informal ini ditujukan pada mereka yang tertarik untuk menerapkan perspektif antropologi ke dalam dunia cyberspace di Indonesia. Termasuk di antaranya adalah permasalahan praktis pembangunan mandiri mengenai hubungan ekonomi jangka panjang. Pembicaraan dilakukan dalam bentuk eulogi atau memorial yang ditujukan pada apa yang disebut 'ekonomi baru', yang sekarang dianggap mistis. Tema yang penting digarisbawahi adalah bahwa perkembangan ekonomi Amerika yang berdasarkan teknologi sesaat ini tampaknya tidak akan dapat memperlihatkan keperkasaannya dalam mencapai kebangkitannya kembali, baik dalam jangka waktu pendek maupun menengah. Pendapat ini kemudian dijabarkan dengan memperlihatkan hubungan antar 4 (empat) gejolak perekonomian baru yang muncul mendadak dalam perusahaan Internet, telekomunikasi, pendidikan online, dan sektor keuangan di perekonomian Amerika. Perhatian lebih ditujukan pada pertarungan antar para pemilik, serta pendekatan terbuka pada komputasi. Hal yang terakhir ini menawarkan basis bagi pendekatan berbeda untuk cyberspace, yang secara kuat menggunakan perspektif antropologi.
Di Pinggir Konflik: Kekerasan, Politik dan Kehidupan Sehari-hari di Indonesia Bagian Timur Nils Bubandt; Andrea Molnar
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

"Konflik-konflik berdarah yang menyertai Indonesia setelah jatuhnya Orde Baru cenderung terjadi di Indonesia bagian Timur, dengan pengecualian daerah Aceh. Saat ini banyak analisis akademis, baik dalam bahasa Indonesia maupun Inggris yang telah mulai menguraikan aspek-aspek politis, sosial dan diskursif dari konflik-konflik di Timor Timur, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Poso, Kalimantan dan Papua. Penelitian-penelitian ini telah mulai meninggalkan penelaahan-penelaahan yang terlalu sederhana dan kerap sarat bias yang muncul segera setelah terjadinya konflik. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut mulai memberikan gambaran tentang konteks etnografis yang lengkap dan lebih rumit dari 'perang di Indonesia bagian Timur'. Gambaran ini memperlihatkan tercampur baurnya provokasi politik, ketegangan ekonomi, provokasi diskursif, dan adaptasi buletin lokal terhadap bentuk-bentuk identifikasi berdasarkan agama suku bangsa yang memberikan dorongan dan motif berbeda untuk ikut serta dalam setiap kerusuhan individual yang bergejolak di berbagai wilayah Indonesia Timur setelah tahun 1999. Walaupun setiap bentrokan/pertikaian (bahkan dalam satu wilayah konflik seperti Maluku atau Poso) seringkali bersifat unik secara politis dan pengalaman, mereka saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Setiap kerusuhan memupuk berkembangnya perasaan paranoia nasional yang disebarluaskan oleh media. Dalam prosesnya,setiap pertikaian/bentrokan menaburkan bibit-bibit kekerasan di tempat lainnya."
Adat di Maluku: Nilai Baru atau Eksklusivisme Lama? Nicola Frost
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

The religious-ethnic violence in Maluku has unearthed a complex network of rivalries, inequalities and rhetoric. Opinions as to the causes of the conflict, and possible avenues for reconciliation are extremely diverse, and reflect many of the tensions and challenges faced by Indonesia as a whole, as it moves towards decentralization. One of the elements of Maluku society that has proved to be controversial in this context is tradition or adat. This paper explores some current perspectives on the role of adat in Maluku, and its potential for social transformation. Does a situation as extreme as that in Maluku itself encourages radical transformation and creative solutions for rebuilding civil society, or does it simply further entrench existing prejudice and power relations? How will regional autonomy influence this? What relation do these questions have to other reconciliation initiatives? The paper does not attempt to draw far-reaching conclusions about the future role of adat in Maluku society, but simply indicates some of the questions to be asked and answered in the years ahead. It provides examples of past activities, current perspectives, and future possibilities. It is hoped that these questions will contribute to an already lively debate at the local level.
Menuju Sebuah Politik Tradisi Yang Baru? Desentralisasi, Konflik, dan Adat di Wilayah Indonesia Timur Nils Bubandt
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

The intention of this article is to discuss the relationship between the processes of fiscal and political decentralization, the outbreak of communal violence, and what I call 'the new politics of tradition' in Indonesia. In 1999 under the President Jusuf Habibie, the Indonesian parliament (DPR) voted in favour of two laws, No. 22 and 25 of 1999, which promised to leave a significant share of state revenues in the hands of the regional governments. Strongly supported by the liberal ideologues of the IMF and the World Bank, the two laws were envisaged within Indonesia as a necessary step towards devolving the centralized power of New Order patrimonialism and as a way of curbing separatism and demands for autonomy by giving the regional governments the constitutional and financial wherewithal to maintain a considerable degree of self-determination. Decentralization was in other words touted as the anti-dote to communal violence and separatist tendencies-an anti-dote administered or at least prescribed by multi-national development agencies in most conflict-prone areas of the world. This paper wishes to probe this idea by looking at the conflict and post-conflict situation in North Maluku. The conflict illustrates how local elites began jockeying for political control in anticipation of decentralization. The process of decentralization is in other words not merely an anti-dote but in some cases an implicated part in the production of violence. One reason for this is simply that the decentralization of financial and political control after three decades of centralization entails a significant shift in the parameters of hegemony-a shift towards which local political entrepreneurs in the regions are bound to react. The new 'politics of tradition' currently emerging in Indonesia is the combined result of changes in global forms of governance, a strong political focus on ethnic and religious identity in the 'era reformasi' and a local willingness to employ these identities to garner support in the new political landscape of decentralization.
Keragaman dan Persatuan Masyarakat di Witihama, Adonara Robert H. Barnes
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

For fourteen months in 2000-2001, I conducted a research in the District of Witihama, eastern Adonara. Witihama is a religiously mixed community, made up of Muslims and Catholics. However, both groups also practice blood sacrifice and carry out ceremonies required by adat. Muslims and Catholics are closely related by ties of marriage and descent. In the recent historical past, as well as in the ancient legendary past, the community has a remembered history of bloody warfare and murder, not linked to questions of modern religious allegiances, which provide incentives to take precautions to maintain community harmony and peace. Mindful of sectarian conflict elsewhere in Indonesia, Catholics and Muslims maintain close ties of cooperation and solidarity. On holidays like Christmas, Easter and Idul Fitri, for example, they hold community meetings to express mutual friendship. Members of the District have suffered from conflict elsewhere in Indonesia, for example during the fighting between Suku Batak and the 'Flores people' in 1999 in Batam, in the Moluccas and in the violence inDili, East Timor. Refugees from these other conflicts came and went while I was there. There have been attempts at sectarian provocation in Witihama by people from elsewhere in the past, leading to their expulsion. There was an unexplained incident in which a hand grenade exploded in Witihama killing one child and injuring two others, causing considerable consternation within the community. Rumors of plans to bomb the Catholic Church were taken seriously. Efforts to place East Timorese refugees in the Kabupaten of Flores Timur were strongly resisted on grounds of safety and local peace. Finally the national move toward regional autonomy led to Witihama becoming a separate Kecamatan and resulted in moves to turn Flores and Lembata into a separate Province.
Tamu tak Diundang: Hubungan antara Pengungsi Maluku dan Penduduk Lokal di Sulawesi Utara Christopher R. Duncan
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

This paper looks at the deteriorating relations between the population of Sulawesi Utara and the approximately 35,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) who fled there from the neighboring province of Maluku Utara. These IDPs first began arriving in large numbers in November of 1999 when communal violence broke out on the islands of Ternate and Tidore in Maluku Utara. They continued arriving until the violence came to a halt in June of 2000.Initially, relations between the two groups were positive. However, the extended presence of 35,000 IDPs created several problems, including a decrease in wages and an increase in housing costs. Negative perceptions of IDPs and jealously over IDP aid have created further misunderstandings. Additionally, IDP experiences with locals have led them to distrust the local population. On a few occasions these tensions have broken out into violence, and some fear this is a foreshadowing of the future should large numbers of IDPs decide to stay in Sulawesi Utara. This paper examines the relationships between these groups, as well as some of the efforts made by international NGOs to address these issues.
Identitas Minahasa: Sebuah Praktik Kuliner Gabriele Weichart
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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The geographic area I will focus on is the Minahasa region in North Sulawesi. There, in the eighteenth century the eight 'tribes' inhabiting the area were united into a single 'ethnic group' known as 'Minahasa' until today. Not only the Dutch colonial government but also the Protestant church put great efforts into this unifying and homogenizing process that was supposed to create a common identity for all Minahasan people. The effectiveness of those efforts can hardly be denied. Nevertheless, internal differences have continued to exist and they are based not only on 'traditional' concepts that divided the 'original' Minahasan tribes but also on the local population's experiences with immigrants from other parts of Indonesia and overseas (e.g. the Philippines and China). Although this is not a recent phenomenon, political and socio-economic developments during the last few years have had further impacts on demographic conditions and relations between different ethnic and religious 'groups'. Thus, the Minahasa-like other 'ethnic groups' in Indonesia-are confronted with a double binding of supposed needs and requests for diversity under a unifying umbrella-on the regional as well as national level. The paper will address the 'problem' from the perspective of a rural community in the south-eastern part of the region. Hence, local concepts of identity, their constructions and markers in everyday life, as being manifested in food and clothing for instance, will be given special consideration. It will also be taken into account that the media (esp. television) plays an important role in the formation and representation of ethnic and religious identity. The paper aims at showing how 'unity' and 'diversity' in this context are produced and reproduced on the village level and its relation to the national discourse.
’Kosmopolitanisme Austronesian’ dan Indonesia sebagai Sistem Politik-Ekonomi Eriko Aoki
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Based on data from fieldwork in Flores, this article suggests an indigenous form of tolerance and suppleness as the model for a new form of multiculturalism in Indonesia. Many studies of nationalism have criticized the perspective that developing nation-states need 'strong nationalism. However, if we step out of this hegemonic preoccupation, we come to realize that the relevant question is not how Indonesia can keep its unity but on what conditions Indonesia can function well as a politico-economic system, keeping diverse areas incorporated in the post-modern and global contexts at present and in the future. In Flores, people have been traversing real and imagined borders since the time of the Austronesian migration and the age of Southeast Asian maritime commerce. Even after independence, Flores has had direct transnational linkage through the Catholic network and recently quite a few Catholic priests and candidates from Flores have been sent abroad. Due to the development of global capitalism, many people from mountainous areas in central Flores also go to Malaysia as low-paid labourers, and they accommodate well to the new situations. As illegal labourers, Florenese people develop social ties with the people whom they meet overseas. Even when they are arrested and forced to come home from Malaysia, they are never stigmatized in their home village. I would like to name tentatively this principle of social adaptability and political flexibility, which also orders life in Florenese villages, 'Austronesian cosmopolitanism'. I further suggest that this Austronesian principle of political flexibility could prove a useful model for the Indonesian nation-state as it struggles to adopt a new political model that prevents the escalation of retaliatory violence and allows the country to continue as a politico-economic unit.
Migrasi dan Identitas: Perantau Buton yang Kembali ke Buton Setelah Konflik Maluku 1999–2002 Blair Palmer
Antropologi Indonesia No 74 (2004): Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Anthropology

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Abstract

People from Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, have for centuries migrated to Ambon for work, there forming one of the most prominent communities of 'pendatang' along with the Bugis. Since the beginning of the recent conflicts in Maluku, official figures indicate that over 160,000people have returned to Buton (previous population 450,000) as refugees. This paper discusses the identity of these refugees and how the term 'refugee' may be misleading. Some of the 'refugees', who often ask to be referred to as 'returned migrants', had retained strong connections with their villages in Buton while they were living in Ambon. Their integration back into Butonese society after their flight from the conflict in Ambon poses, however, a number of serious challenges, especially for those born in Ambon. Having always been called 'Butonese' in Ambon, the returned migrants are often referred to as 'Ambonese' after their return to Buton and they often find it hard to adjust to life in Buton. This paper is based on fieldwork currently being undertaken in the village of Boneoge, Buton. I will discuss some aspects of the lives of the returned migrants in Buton, including their interactions with other Butonese people, as well as some of their perspectives on their own experiences. In Buton; perspectives on their identity are thus being expressed and contested through issues such as use of local languages, dance parties, and contested land rights. Their memories of life in Ambon, and of the conflict, also play a role in their constructions of identity, and in how they respond to challenges intheir lives in Buton now. Here memory is seen as a constructive process, which is culturally influenced, structured by narratives, and adapted to a context.

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