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INDONESIA
Akta Kimia Indonesia
Published by Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya
ISSN : 18584586     EISSN : 25493736     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Akta Kimia Indoneisa publishes peer-reviewed open access articles in all areas of chemistry, including: Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Biological Chemistry To submit an article, you need to register first. Please click register in the menus above.
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Articles 110 Documents
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Skrining Fitokimia serta Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol 96% Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera, Lam) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-Pikrilhidrazil) Ni Luh Putu Junita Kusuma Dewi; Ni Made sukma Sanjiwani; I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani; I Wayan Surya Rahadi; I Wayan Sudiarsa; Ni Putu Ayu Mirah Mariati
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/aki.v10i2.8870

Abstract

All parts of the moringa plant, from the roots, seeds, stems to the leaves, are known to have medicinal properties. Its reported uses include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and diuretic properties. This study focused on examining the presence of secondary metabolites and assessing the antioxidant potential of 96% ethanol extracts of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera, Lam). The type of research conducted was a laboratory experiment. Moringa leaves were extracted using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The resulting extract was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a concentrated extract of 34.8 grams. The secondary metabolite content was evaluated through phytochemical screening, and the antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) method. The antioxidant strength was determined by calculating the IC₅₀ value, which indicates the percentage of free radical scavenging by the test sample, and by the AAI value, which describes the antioxidant activity index of the extract. Based on the phytochemical screening results, the 96% ethanol concentrated extract of moringa leaves contained secondary metabolite compounds such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids. The IC₅₀ value obtained from the extract was 75.428 ppm with an AAI of 0.530. As a comparison, ascorbic acid showed an IC₅₀ of 14.295 ppm and an AAI of 2.798.
Transformasi Lignoselulosa Ampas Kopi melalui Perlakuan Beku–Cair untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Biokonversi Margareta Cahyanti; Diki Anggaran; Yefta A Steefian; Vincentia N. P. Kristanti
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/aki.v10i2.8900

Abstract

Spent coffee grounds are an abundant waste material that also holds great potential as a renewable biomass resource. In this study, a simple freeze–thaw treatment was applied repeatedly to investigate its effect on the extractive content and fiber composition of spent coffee grounds. Furthermore, the reducing sugar content obtained after acid hydrolysis was measured to evaluate its potential for microbial conversion. The results showed that the extractive content reached its lowest value after five freeze–thaw cycles, at 10.59%. Hemicellulose content increased with the number of treatment cycles but decreased again at the fifth cycle. Cellulose content exhibited a fluctuating trend across treatments, whereas lignin content remained relatively stable after one and three cycles and increased after five cycles. The reducing sugar concentration increased by more than 16%, from 38.21 g/kg in the untreated sample to 44.70 g/kg after five cycles of treatment. This increase indicates cell wall disruption and the removal of extractives, which enhanced cellulose accessibility during hydrolysis. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the freeze–thaw treatment is an effective, environmentally friendly, and economical approach to enhance the saccharification potential of coffee grounds, offering a promising route for biomass valorization and sustainable bioenergy production.
SKRINING DAN EVALUASI STABILITAS NANODISPERSI TURUNAN IMIDAZOLE SEBAGAI OBAT POTENSIAL ANTI KANKER Grasianto Grasianto; Amelia Bahetha; Ita Ulfin; Harmami
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/aki.v10i2.8901

Abstract

Cancer is one of the deadliest complex diseases. Based on data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), cancer patients have reached almost 20 million people, with 9.7 million deaths. Nano drugs nano drugs are proposed as a superior alternative as cancer treatment with targeted drug delivery to tumor tissue and controlled release of the intended drug, in this study nano drugs derived from imidazole derivatives that are proven to have good pharmacological activity for cancer treatment will be used, in this study screening will be carried out for potential imidazole derivatives, namely compounds 2,4,5-Triphenylimidazole (IMD 1), 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (IMD 2), 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4,5 diphenyl-1H-imidazole (IMD 3) and 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (IMD 4) as nanodrugs and evaluated their stability, and obtained the following results. At the screening of coating materials that are suitable for imidazole derived nanodrugs, namely gelatin, it is analyzed on the stability screening of nanodrug compounds in the biological environment, it is obtained that the IMD 4 nanodrug compound is the most potential nanodrug to be used, because it is still in the EPR size, which is 203.3 nm with the optimal concentration of coating at a concentration of 25 μg/mL. Then in the results of the BCA Assay, it was found that the gelatin that coated the surface of the IMD 4 nanodrug had a maximum coating capacity in the range of 50 μg/mL due to the depletion of the active site on the surface layer of the IMD 4 nanodrug, in the pH stability test of the most potential IMD 4 nanodrug still underwent aggregation, namely with a size of 575.1 nm at pH 5 and with a size of 995 nm at pH 7. The final results of FESEM characterization revealed the surface morphology of IMD 4 nanodrugs in the form of a box, with a size within the EPR range.
Studi Komposisi Kimia Produk Pirolisis Kilat Off-grade Rubber dengan Katalis Ni/Ga-SBA-15 Three Uli Sevilla Sitohang; RR Dirgarini Julia Nurlianti Subagyono; Veliyana Londong Allo
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 10 No 2 (2025): Desember 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/aki.v10i2.8912

Abstract

This study investigated the chemical composition of flash pyrolysis products from off-grade rubber, a low-quality byproduct of natural rubber processing, with and without Ni/Ga-SBA-15 catalyst. The flash pyrolysis was conducted under helium using pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) at 200 °C and 300 °C. The off-grade rubber contained 23.62 ± 2.26 wt. % moisture and 11.24 ± 1.09 wt. % ash. FTIR analysis revealed the functional groups in the rubber sample, including =C–H, -CH₂, C=O, C=C, -CH₃, C–O–C, and C–O. Py-GC/MS identified major pyrolysis products at both temperatures, before and after catalyst addition, as terpenoid derivatives, fatty acid derivatives, and aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons. At 200 °C, the catalyst reduced the percent area of n-hexadecanoic acid while increasing the percent area of squalene, indicating enhanced deoxygenation activity. At 300 °C, the catalyst increased the percent areas of d-limonene, cyclohexane derivatives, and azulene. Overall, Ni/Ga-SBA-15 promoted the formation of terpenoid derivatives, while reducing the production of less desirable fatty acid derivatives. These results demonstrate that catalytic flash pyrolysis can modify product distribution from off-grade rubber.
Analisis Kuantitatif Mangan (Mn) dan Besi (Fe) Menggunakan Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom pada Eucheuma cottonii serta Penilaian Kualitas Air Laut di Pantai Pokko Rifdah Mawaddah Rustam; Abd Wahid Wahab; Syarifuddin Liong; Indah Raya; Herlina Rasyid
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 11 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25493736.v11i1.9013

Abstract

This study aims to determine the concentrations of the heavy metals manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in seawater and in the tissue of the seaweed Eucheuma cottonii, collected from the coastal waters of Pokko Beach, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling was conducted at four stations selected based on the level of human activity in the surrounding coastal area, and was carried out during two sampling periods. The concentrations of the metals were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The results showed that Mn concentrations in seawater during the first sampling were 0.52, 0.37, 0.06, and 0.03 mg/L, increasing in the second sampling to 1.14, 1.09, 1.77, and 0.60 mg/L. In seaweed tissue, Mn concentrations during the first sampling were recorded at 126.22, 41.20, 28.78, and 9.89 mg/kg, and increased to 83.41, 56.88, 117.25, and 208.10 mg/kg in the second sampling. For Fe, concentrations in seawater during the first sampling were 2.00, 2.13, 1.68, and 1.01 mg/L, and increased sharply in the second sampling to 14.48, 33.45, 3.39, and 10.10 mg/L. In seaweed tissue, Fe concentrations were 292.56, 5,714.25, 200.46, and 395.78 mg/kg in the first sampling, and 1,615.66, 585.13, 489.98, and 1,007.38 mg/kg in the second. The variation in heavy metal concentrations between stations and sampling periods was influenced by several factors, including physical conditions of the water (such as temperature, pH, and salinity), ocean currents, and human activities near the sampling sites, particularly around docks and seaweed farming areas. These findings indicate that anthropogenic activities significantly contribute to the increased contamination of heavy metals in marine waters and biota.
Optimalisasi Kromatogram Minyak Atsiri Batang Sereh Wangi bermetode GCMS Berpotensi sebagai Agen Antioksidan Alami dan Antibakteri Ni Made sukma Sanjiwani; Agung Ari Chandra Wibawa; I Wayan Surya Rahadi; Dewa Ayu Sri Handani; I Gusti Ayu Agung Dwita Setya Cahyani; I Made Wisnu Yoga Pramana
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 11 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25493736.v11i1.9060

Abstract

Essential oil from citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L), namely from the stem, is the main essential oil and antioxidant. The purpose of this study is firstly to determine what secondary metabolite compounds have potential as antioxidants and antibacterials using GCMS method. Second, to determine the optimum injection time (shown from the best chromatogram) in the identification of citronella stem essential oil in vitro using GCMS method. Third, to determine the antioxidant activity of citronella essential oil in vitro using DPPH and ABTS methods. Fourth, to determine the antibacterial activity of citronella essential oil in vitro using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Essential oil was processed by steam distillation. Optimisation of the chromatogram of fragrant lemongrass stem essential oil using GCMS method was carried out through 6 variations in the length of injection time, namely: 21, 39, 40, 42, 46 and 50 minutes. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and ABTS methods. Antibacterial activity test was conducted in vitro using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The compounds contained in the chromatogram results of 6 variations of injection time, compounds that have the potential as antioxidants are Limonen, isopulegol, citral, Citronellal, Citronellyl isobutyrate, Geranyl acetate, Caryophyllene, Germacrene D and Naphthalene. These compounds can counteract free radicals. Compounds that have antibacterial potential are Citronellol, Geraniol, Citronellyl isobutyrate, Geranyl acetate, Caryophyllene, Germacrene D and Naphthalene. These compounds can inhibit bacterial growth. Based on 6 variations of injection time, the optimum injection time is obtained at 46 minutes because at that time the chromatogram of citronella stem essential oil shows the best peak because the peak is not too close together so it is not destroyed. Citronella oil has a very strong antioxidant activity category both by DPPH and ABTS methods. Fragrant lemongrass stem oil has a weak antibacterial activity category against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Waste to Energy: Utilization of Eggshell Catalysts in the Production of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Sister Sianturi; Gesha Desy Alisha; Febry Rahmadhani Hasibuan
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 11 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25493736.v11i1.9633

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the utilization of eggshell waste as a catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil within the waste to energy concept. The catalyst was synthesized through a calcination process to produce calcium oxide (CaO), which acts in the transesterification reaction. Biodiesel production was carried out by reacting waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of CaO catalyst. The resulting biodiesel was analyzed for yield, chemical composition using GC–MS, and physical properties including viscosity and density. The results showed that the biodiesel yield reached 70%. GC–MS analysis revealed that the product was dominated by fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), such as methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate. The density value of 0.9429 g/mL met the SNI 7182:2015, while the viscosity value of 2.0821 cP was slightly below the minimum standard limit. Overall, this study demonstrates that eggshell waste has significant potential as an environmentally friendly alternative catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, although further optimization is required to improve the quality of the produced biodiesel.
Physicochemical Changes in Gluten Following Oxalic Acid–Induced Deamidation: FTIR, HPLC, and Solubility Analysis Kardian Rinaldi; Nancy Siti Djenar; Gina Almalia Rahma; Vallen Zulaikha Setiansyah Trisna
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 11 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25493736.v11i1.9667

Abstract

Gluten, a wheat-derived plant protein used in bread-making, animal protein replacement, and biodegradable packaging, suffers from water insolubility and allergenicity. Deamidation using oxalic acid addresses these limitations. Gluten was deamidated with 0.034, 0.082, and 0.133 M oxalic acid at 80°C for 30 minutes, followed by neutralization, dialysis, and freeze-drying. Physicochemical properties were evaluated using fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and solubility tests. FTIR analysis showed the primary structure remained intact (amide I at 1580–1659 cm⁻¹; amide II at 1500–1600 cm⁻¹; amide III at 1200–1400 cm⁻¹). Secondary structure analysis revealed concentration-dependent changes in peak intensity: 0.034 M increased β-turn intensity (1665–1689 cm⁻¹), while 0.082 M and 0.133 M decreased α-helix (1580–1659 cm⁻¹) and β-sheet (1612–1643 cm⁻¹) intensities, indicating successful deamidation. HPLC analysis confirmed asparagine conversion to aspartic acid (from 8,406.54 to 464,537.33 mg/kg) and increased essential amino acids (valine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine). Glutamic acid and cystine were undetected, consistent with FTIR-observed β-sheet reduction due to disulfide bond cleavage. Solubility improved markedly at 0.082 M and 0.133 M, correlating with reduced ordered secondary structures and increased polar amino acids. Oxalic acid-mediated deamidation enhances gluten solubility and nutritional profile while preserving structural integrity, with FTIR and HPLC providing complementary evidence of deamidation success. Deamidated gluten shows promise as a functional ingredient for food applications requiring improved solubility and nutrition.
Electrochemical Degradation of Remazol Black B Using Carbon Electrode Muh. Supwatul Hakim; Stevin Carolius Angga; Mokhamat Ariefin; Riandy Putra
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 11 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25493736.v11i1.9669

Abstract

The presence of dye waste in the environment can affect ecosystems and humans. Therefore, this study aims to degrade Remazol Black B dye waste, which has been widely used as a synthetic dye in the batik and textile industries. The electrochemical degradation of RBB waste has been successfully carried out using carbon electrodes from battery waste. The influence of voltage and electrolysis time, as well as decolorization efficiency, has also been analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Based on the results, the optimum voltage and time for RBB degradation were obtained at 15 volts for 20 minutes with an efficiency of 100%. Meanwhile, at voltages of 5 and 10 volts, the efficiencies were 70% for 60 minutes and 100% for 30 minutes, respectively. The use of carbon electrodes from battery waste offers a new alternative for easy and efficient color waste treatment.
Corrigendum to: ”Analisis Peran Na, K, Ca, dan Fe Terhadap Potensi Slagging dan Fouling pada Pembakaran Lignit, Sub-Bituminus, dan Ampas Tebu” Dhafin Umara; Shofa Rijalul Haq; Rizki Khoiriah Nasution; Ratna Mustika Dewi; Muhammad Faiz Shafiyurrahman
Akta Kimia Indonesia Vol 11 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j25493736.v11i1.10424

Abstract

Slagging and fouling are major operational challenges in the combustion of coal and biomass, as they reduce thermal efficiency and accelerate equipment degradation. This study aims to analyze the role of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) in influencing slagging and fouling tendencies in three fuels: sub-bituminous coal, lignite, and sugarcane bagasse. The data were obtained from proximate, ultimate, and XRF analyses, followed by the calculation of several predictive indices, namely the Base-to-Acid Ratio (B/A), Bed Agglomeration Index (BAI), Slag Viscosity Index (Sr), Fouling Index (Fu), Dolomite Ratio (Dol), and Simplified Base/Acid Ratio (B/As). The results indicate that Na and K play a dominant role in increasing fouling propensity, while Ca and Fe contribute to enhancing ash thermal stability. Sub-bituminous coal exhibits the most stable behavior with B/A = 0.49, Sr = 90.20, and Fu = 1.53, indicating low slagging and moderate fouling potential. Lignite shows the highest reactivity toward deposit formation with B/A = 8.77, BAI = 169.00, and Sr = 6.57, reflecting the dominance of basic oxides (Fe2O3 = 14.90%; CaO = 8.57%) and a low ash fusion temperature. In contrast, sugarcane bagasse demonstrates intermediate behavior with B/A = 0.58, Sr = 64.70, and Fu = 1.63, influenced by its very high SiO2 content (36.00%) and volatile alkalis such as K2O (2.47%). Overall, the findings show that increasing basic oxides (CaO, Fe2O3) reduces slagging tendency, whereas the dominance of alkali oxides (Na2O, K2O) enhances fouling potential.

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