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INDONESIA
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink)
Published by Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
ISSN : 02169541     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Energy
Enerlink adalah jurnal yang diterbitkan 2 kali setahun oleh Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Energi dan Industri Kimia BPPT di bidang energi dan lingkungan. Enerlink is a scientific journal that publishes twice annually by Centre of Energy Technology and Chemical Industry of BPPT.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 322 Documents
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PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PENAMBANGAN NIKEL SOROAKO (OVERBURDEN) SEBAGAI PREKURSOR KATALIS PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA Adiarso Adiarso; Muhammad Hanif
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2005)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v1i2.4219

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that limonit ore has several outstanding characteristics compared to pyrite when used as catalyst in coal liquefaction process. One of the reasons is, that limonit ore contains α-FeOOH compound, which is responsible for the high activity. This study is aimed to investigate the catalyst performance of Soroako limonit ore using a 1-liter autoclave in comparison with other catalyst for liquefaction. The investigation suggested that pyrrhotite, the active phase that transformed from FeOOH occurred at low temperature, meaning that the availability of this phase before the thermal decomposition of coal takes place is responsible for its high activity. Moreover, from its physical property point of view, Soroako limonit has superior nature in that, it is rather soft that pyrite, making the pulverization into sub-micron sizes possible. These all properties suggest that Soroako limonit becomes the important candidate catalyst for industrialization of direct coal liquefaction.Kata kunci: Liquefaction, limonit, catalyst, hydrogenation, catalytic, coal, Soroako
EVALUASI KINERJA PEMBANGKIT HIDROGEN SUBSTITUSI LNG REFORMER UNTUK PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO Danu Sumitro; Dhani Avianto Sugeng
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2005)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v1i2.4220

Abstract

Three entrained gasification processes have been investigated to produce hydrogen for direct liquefaction of Banko coal and compared with steam reforming of natural gas. They are Texaco gasification (USA), Prenflo process (Germany) and Hycol process(Japan). Despite some similarities, those gasification technologies also have some differences in their coal feed systems.The slurry feed system is adopted in the Texaco process, while Prenflo and Hycol processes are using dry feed system. Economic assessment shows that in the case of hydrogen generation from natural gas, hydrotreated liquefied oil of 125,000 bbl/d can be produced from 32,810 ton/d Banko coal (dry basis) and 7.2x106Nm3/d natural gas. In case of hydrogen generation from coal, coal consumption will increase by 19,600 ton/d and no natural gas is required. Besides the hydrotreated liquefied oil increases up to 7,800 bbl/d to become 133,400 bbl/d, the process also produces 1,520 ton/d gas fuel to be sold. In terms of energy efficiency, there is a production decline of 65.7% in case of hydrogen generation through gasification compared to steam reforming (68.0%).Kata kunci: Direct liquefaction, banko coal, hydrogen generation, gasification
LIQUEFACTION OF BANKO COAL WITH LIMONITE CATALYST Hartiniati Hartiniati; Muhammad Hanif; Takao Kaneko
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2005)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v1i2.4221

Abstract

Pengaruh karakteristik batubara terhadap yield produk pencairan batubara telah diinvestigasi menggunakan sampel batubara peringkat rendah dari SUamtera Selatan dan Kalimantan. Pengujian pencairan dilaksanakan menggunakan gas- flow type autoclave (5L) dengan umpan sampel batubara 200g (daf), 400g pelarut turunan (b.p.300-420 oC), 1.0-3.0 wt% daf katalis Fe and elemen sulfur (rasio atom S/Fe 2.0) pada tekanan 14.7MPa, 450oC untuk selama 60min dengan aliran gas H2 konstan (0.5%H2S) .Ditemukan bahwa yield minyak meningkat dengan peningkatan rasio atom H/C dari batubara, tetapi pengaruh karakateristik batubara terhadap pencairan sangat rumit. Studi ini menunjukkan limoni Soroako (MGL) mempunyai aktifitas pencairan lebih tinggi dibandingkan katalis limonit synthetic -FeOOH dan Yandi Yellow (YY) karena transformasinya menjadi pyrrhotite (Fe1-XS) Kristal berukuran kecil melalui penambahan elemen sulphur. Namun, ukuran kristal pyrrhotite dari katalis Soroako bertambah dengan mudah dibandingkan kristal dari katalis YY denganr esikel, menghasilkan yieldminyak yang sama melalui penambahan CLB. Yield minyak pencairan batubara Banko mencapai 66.7wt%daf pada ondisi operasi suhu 450oC selama 60min dengan katalis Soroako 1wt%daf sebagai Fe dan 100wt%daf penambahan CLB. Pada proses upgrading produk pencairan, kebanyakan senyawa nitrogen dan sulfur di dalam minyak berhasil dihilangkan melalui proses two-stage hydrotreatment, sehingga terajdi perbaikan stabilitas selama penyimpanan dan mutu produk. Bilangan oktan (RON) minyak ringan dari batubara (75,8) sedikit lebih tinggi dari minyak petroleum (65-70) sedangkan smoke point kerosene lebih rendah (14mm) dibandingan standard petroleum berkaitan erat dengan komposisi minyak yang kaya aromatis.Kata kunci: Soroako, Yandi Yellow, pyrrhotite, hydrotreatment
PENGEMBANGAN PRODUKSI BIOHIDROGEN DARI KELAPA SAWIT ATAU LIMBAH SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR FUEL CELLUNTUK PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK DAERAH TERPENCIL Irhan Febijanto; Mahyudin Abdul Rahman; Eniya Listiani Dewi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v7i2.4227

Abstract

Indonesia is the country which produces the biggestamount CPO (Crude Palm Oil) in the world. The production would be larger in the next 10 years. The biggest amount of abundant palm oil waste is also produced, such as shell, empty fruit bunch for solid waste and POME (palm oil mill waste) for water waste.  All waste produces methane gas which is contributing GHG (Green House  Gasses) emission. In this study, waste palm oil waste substituted by glycerol is fermented using Enterobacter Aerogens ADH43 to produces bio-H2. The bio-H2is purified by carbon dioxide, CO2 and water, H2O using zeolit and silica absorber and Ca(OH)2 solvent, respectively, before flew it to fuel cell. In order to produce bio-H2, the compact fermentor was equipped in this study. It is shown from the study result that Enterobacter Aerogens could growth and produced bio-H2, continuously. The electricity could be generated from fuel cell by flew purified bio-H 2constantly to the fuel cell.Kata kunci: abundant palm waste, bio-H2, electricity, fuel cell, fermentor
EVALUASI KINERJA PROSES PENINGKATAN MUTU BATUBARA (COAL UPGRADING) MELALUI PENGUJIAN BERBAGAI BATUBARA PERINGKAT RENDAH DARI KALIMANTAN Yusnitati Yusnitati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v7i2.4233

Abstract

The upgrading of Indonesian low rank coal from Kalimantan was performed using a slurry dewatering process in a stirred batch autoclave (inner volume of 5 liters) equipped with a condenser, a pressure control valve(PCV), and a receiver. The slurry dewatering process runs were carried out under condition at 3.5 kg/cm2G of nitrogen pressure, 250oC of heater temperature and 150 rpm of agitator speed. Kerosene and low sulfur waxy residue (LSWR) were used as oil solvent. The fluidity of slurry was studied with the ratio of oil to coal (O/C) at 1.5 to 2 wt/wt and the concentration of LSWR at 0.5 to 2% in oil. The temperature profile during the operation was evaluated to understand process performance. Moreover, the pH, TSS, TDS content in water product was analyzed. A centrifuge separator (cap. 200 gram, 1000 rpm) was used in order to remove oilin coal slurry. It was found that calorific value as received basis has increased sharply from 5,178 kcal/kg to 7342 kcal/kg, following the reduction of total moisture drastically after upgrading from 25,5% to 4,97%. The content of ash, volatile matter and the elemental analysis do not change very much from that of raw coal. This phenomenon shows that no chemical reaction occurs in the process and almost all added oil could be recovered. It can be expected that the O/Cratio of slurry, which affects the process economic, is lowered to about 1.4 with O/C feed at 2 and LSWR concentration at 0.5%wt. The wastewater from the process is clean enough thereby it needs a simple wastewater treatment unit in commercial plant. Reabsorption test showed that stable moisture contentin coal has achieved at 7.5 wt% for 13 days. The temperature profile suggested that the slurry dewatering process could be applied effectively for Indonesianlow rank coal with excellent characteristics.Kata Kunci:batubara muda, slurry dewatering, upgrading
KARAKTERISTIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA MUSI BANYUASIN, SUMATERA SELATAN Septina Is Heriyanti; Lambok Hilarius Silalahi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v7i2.4234

Abstract

This paper presents the result of fundamental research on direct coal liquefaction using lignite from Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra. Three different reaction temperatures, 430, 450, 470°C, were used to operate 5-L autoclave, with hydrogen reaction pressure of 25 MPa and 60 minutes reaction time, to investigate the effect of reaction temperature on oil yield composition. The study used natural iron-based limonite catalyst from Soroako, South Sulawesi and heavy oil (b.p. 300-420°C) produced from coal liquefaction process as a solvent. Hydrotreatment process of liquefied coal was carried out in a packed tube reactor in the presence of Ni-Mo/Al2O3catalyst at the reaction temperature of 350°C. Thecontent of heteroatoms such as sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen during hydrotreatment process were evaluated to characterize the quality of coal liquid as fuel oil. The results showed that optimum coal liquefaction yield was 50.95% at the reaction temperature of 450 °C. After hydrotreatment process sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen contents as heteroatoms decreased up to 49%, 44% and 72%, respectively. The cetane number value for coal liquefied oil (30.6) was much lower compared to petroleum diesel (48). Further treatment (secondary hydrotreatment) is required to improve the quality of diesel oil from coal or blending with petroleum diesel. Kata kunci: direct liquefaction, Muba coal, hydrotreatment
KAJIAN TEKNOLOGI DIRECT–PROCESS SINTESA DI–METHYL ETHER(DME) DARI BATUBARA, BIOMASSA DAN GAS ALAM Bambang Suwondo Rahardjo
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v7i2.4235

Abstract

Di–Methyl Ether (DME) is the simplest ether compund with chemical formula CH3OCH3or also known as methyl ether or wood ether, whichcan be produced two ways namely direct–process and indirect–process. Direct–process is the process of syngas (H2+CO) formation which can be produced via gasification of coal / biomass or partial oxidation of natural gas,and then synthesized into DME. While the indirect–process is a process that begins with MeOH manufacturing, followed by MeOH dehydration in a separate reactor synthesized into DME. Utilization of energy resources means increased economical value and as an effort to reduce dependence on fosil fuels as well as solves the environmental pollution problems. Until now, most DME is made by indirect–process via the catalytic dehydration of MeOH in the fixed–bed reactor (a simple process and low capital investment) is licensed by Lurgi, Haldor–Topsoe, Mitsubishi Chemical Gas (MGC) and Toyo Engineering Corporation (TEC), while the direct–process technology with the high efficiency proposed by Haldor Topsoe, JFE and Air Products Chemicals Inc. is under development stage in Japan, USA as well as China, and so far not fully yet commercial. This paper will discuss about the technology of DME direct–process synthesis from syngas through coal/biomass gasification or natural gas partial oxidation process as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel. Kata kunci: DME, direct process, batubara, biomasa, gas alam
KEBIJAKAN PENDUKUNG UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN PENCAIRAN BATUBARA DI INDONESIA Adhi Dharma Permana; Ira Fitriana; Ratna Etty Puspita Dewi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v7i2.4236

Abstract

From a technological perspective, coal liquefactiontechnology holds promise to provide synthetic liquid fuels as a substitute for conventional liquid fuels. The Indirect Coal to Liquid (CTL) approach using Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology developed by SASOL has been commercially implemented in South Africa. On the other hand, the Direct CTL approach developed by Brown Coal Liquefaction (BCL) of Japan has not matured into a commercially proven technology. Applying coal liquefaction technology using low rank coal inIndonesia will be a strategic effort to reduce dependence on conventional fuels. It is projected that domestic fuels consumption in the future will be met mostly by imported fuels. The main constraints in applying coal liquefaction technology are due to the high investment costs, the sensitivity of fuels from CTLtechnology to oil price which affects their market competition, and assurance of coal supply and requirement for processing synthetic fuels product from the CTLplant into final products. This paper describes the policy measures to support implementing CTL technology in Indonesia..Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, coal to liquid, policy strategy
MODIFIKASI SISTEM OPERASI FIXED–BED GASIFIERSEKAM PADI PT. NATIONAL CHAMPIGNON Bambang Suwondo Rahardjo; Taufik Yuwono; Maria Harsitorukmi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2011)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v7i2.4237

Abstract

Installation of O2 and steam injection system inside gasifier can be expected to improve syngas quality, all at once N2 content is decreasing, with the result of H2/CO ratio >1 that will produced liquid product optimally. The mixed air+steam injection by steam valve variation opening of ¼ as well as ½ rotation still being possible gasifier operation at temperature condition higher than 700oC. Mixed air+steam injection showed more easily flameable than air injection only, so this mean H2content in the syngas will be increasing. Kata kunci:modification of systems, fixed bed gasifier, gasification, rice husk, synthetic gas
SOLUSI DAN ANALISIS KUALIT AS DA Y A P ADAINDUSTRI JASA KONSTRUKSI LOGAM DAN BESI Achmad Hasan
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 8 No. 2 (2012)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v8i2.4245

Abstract

AbstrakPT . Sukses Mandiri adalah perusahaan nasional yang bergerak dalam bidang T eknik Produksi dan Industri Jasa Pemeliharaan. Proses produksi dibagi menjadi 3 bagian (lembar bahan, komponen, bahan habis pakai), kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan awal bahan yang baru masuk, pemotongan, pengelasan assy , finishing, pengecatan dan pemeriksaan akhir. Energi listrik dipasok oleh PT . PLN (Persero) dengan kontrak daya sebesar 147 kV A, sedangkan energi gas yang dibutuhkan digunakan untuk memotong logam dan besi. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa terjadi ketidakseimbangan arus setiap fasa pada MDP (Main Distribution Panel) dan SDP (Sub Distribution Panel) berdasarkan jumlah beban yang dilayani serta faktor dayanya rendah antara 0,59 - 0,69. THD (T otal Harmonic Distortion) arus tertinggi mencapai 25,2% sedangkan tegangan THD di bawah standar. Dalam MDP(MCB 400A) menunjukkan ada ketidakseimbangan antara beban dan fasa, THD arusnya sangat besar yaitu >16%. Pada SDP (MCB 250A) terlihat bahwa ada ketidakseimbangan arus pada fasa S, hal ini disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan dalam faktor beban dan daya yang cukup rendah dalam setiap fasa. THD arus berfluktuasi di setiap fasa, terendah mencapai 1,6% dan tertinggi mencapai 2,1%. Kerugian yang ditimbulkan akibat faktor daya rendah di SDP sekitar 35,91kW.Kata kunci: energi, kelistrikan, penghematan, kualitas daya, proses

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