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Published by Universitas Andalas

ISSN : 01262092 EISSN : 24425230 DOI : https://doi.org/10.25077

Core Subject : Health,

Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

Majalah Kedokteran Andalas (MKA) (p-ISSN: 0126-2092, e-ISSN: 2442-5230) is a peer-reviewed, open-access national journal published by Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas and is dedicated to publish and disseminate research articles, literature reviews, and case reports, in the field of medicine and health, and other related disciplines

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)

Articles 792 Documents

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EVALUASI KHASIAT DAN KEAMANAN OBAT (UJI KLINIK) Rahmatini Rahmatini
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 34, No 1 (2010): Published in April 2010
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstrakUji klinik adalah suatu pengujian khasiat obat baru pada manusia, dimana sebelumnya diawali oleh pengujian pada binatang atau uji pra klinik. Pada dasarnya uji klinik memastikan efektivitas, keamanan dan gambaran efek samping yang sering timbul pada manusia akibat pemberian suatu obat. Bila uji klinik tidak dilakukan maka dapat terjadi malapetaka pada banyak orang bila langsung dipakai secara umum seperti pernah terjadi dengan talidomid (1959-1962) dan obat kontrasepsi pria (gosipol) di Cina. Setiap obat yang ditemukan melalui eksperimen in vitro atau hewan coba tidak terjamin bahwa khasiatnya benar-benar akan terlihat pada penderita. Pengujian pada manusia sendirilah yang dapat “menjamin” apakah hasil in vitro atau hewan sama dengan manusia.Uji klinik terdiri dari 4 fase, yaitu uji klinik fase I.Uji klinik fase II, uji klinik fase III dan uji klinik fase IV. Uji klinik fase I dilakukan pada manusia sehat, bertujuan untuk menentukan dosis tunggal yang dapat diterima, Uji klinik fase II, dilakukan pada 100-200 orang penderita untuk melihat apakah efek farmakologik yang tampak pada fase I berguna atau tidak untuk pengobatan. Uji klinik fase III dilakukan pada sekitar 500 penderita yang bertujuan untuk memastikan bahwa suatu obat baru benar-benar berkhasiat. Uji klinik fase IV merupakan pengamatan terhadap obat yang telah dipasarkan. Fase ini bertujuan menentukan pola penggunaan obat di masyarakat serta pola efektifitas dan keamanannya pada penggunaan yang sebenarnya.Uji klinik yang baik dilakukan dengan prosedur yang sudah digariskan dan komponen- komponennya disiapkan dengan matang sehingga hasilnya betul- betul dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai acuan pengobatan.Kata kunci : Khasiat- keamanan- uji klinikAbstractClinical trials is a new drug efficacy testing in humans, which previously preceded by testing on animals or pre-clinical testing. Basically, clinical trials confirm description of effectiveness, safety and side effects that often arise in humans because given of a drug. If clinical trials are not done then it can be evil in many people when directly used in general as once happened with thalidomide (1959-1962) and male contraceptive drugs (gossypol) in China. Any drug that is found through experiments in vitro or animal is not guaranteed that the propertiesTINJAUAN PUSTAKA32will actually be seen in patients. Tests on humans themselves who can "guarantee" if the results of in vitro or animal similar to humans.Clinical trial consisted of 4 phases, namely phase I clinical trial, phase II clinical trial, phase III clinical trials, and phase IV clinical trial. Phase I clinical trial, performed on healthy humans, aims to determine an acceptable single-dose, phase II clinical trial, performed on 100-200 patiens to see whether the pharmacologic effects seen in Phase I is useful or not for treatment. Phase III clinical trials conducted on about 500 patients which aims to ensure that a new drug is really efficacy. Phase IV clinical trial is an observation of the drug has been marketed. This phase aims to determine patterns of drug use in society and patterns of effectiveness and safety in actual use.Good clinical trials conducted with procedures that have been outlined and its components prepared and thus the results can actually be used as a reference treatment. Key words : Efficacy – Safety - Clinical trial

THE ASIA PACIFIC BIOETHICS PROGRAM OF THE UNESCO CHAIR IN BIOETHICSCAN RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BE BOTH ETHICAL AND BENEFICIAL TO LOGAL COMMUNITY ? Theong H. Low
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 37 (2014): Supplement 1 | Published in March 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

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Abstractln 2005 at the 33rd Session of General Conference at UNESCO, it adapted the Universaldeclaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Declaration article 1.1 outlines the principals thatrespond to ethical issue related to medicine, life sciences and associated technologies as appliedto human beings. Thus the international standards for Bioethics are grounded in a language ofrights -to safe guard human dignity and human rights. UNESCO made ethics of Science andtechnology one of its 5 priority areas. lt is charged with promoting the education of ethical issuesof Science and Technology. The UNESCO Program in this area aims to strengthen lhe ethicallink between scientific advancement that is taking place and the Cultural, Legal, Philosophicaland religious context in which it occurs.The disparity of health amongst the world's communitiesis largely determined by the wealth of the countries. Developed countries have access to cleanwaters, vaccines and new medical technologies whereas developing countries do not.Researches in these countries are also funded by the wealthy countries and we will need toprotect these countries from exploitation by those with the means in the name of clinicalresearch.Hence, we have to discuss the necessary conditions for models allowing lnstitutionalReview Boards to grani exceptions in low income countries to circumvent the need for "WorldBest Practices" in their research requirements. There are commentators arguing that "World'sBest Practiees sheuld always be used in ali countries, but financial burden in the developingcouniries prevents this. A total ban cn any research other than the world's best practice wouldprevent exploitation, but this may block important research that can improve health care in thesecountries. So is it possibie to address the potentiai for exploitation while allowing research thathas the potential to benefit the host communities.We argue that lnstitutional Review Boardsshould be allowed to grant exceptions for research on grounds that the research satisfies theScientific Necessity, Relevance for the host communities, sufficient host community benefits andSubject and Host Community nonrnaleficence.The argument has focused on the controversialHIV vertical transmission, and the trials used. World Best Practice is currently the long coursetreatment using AZT (zidovudine), but this is expensive involving early prenatal visits, frequentvisits and lV infusions during labour, which is not feasible nor affordable in these countries.However studies in South Africa has identified that apprcximalely 75% of HIV verticaltransmissions occurs ciuring or after delivery. Hence, trials comparing short ccurse AZTtreatment against placebo were done on ihe grounds that it is better than no treatment at all. Thetrials suggested that short course ti'eatment is possibly better than placebo. Yet the variability inthe transmission rate may suggest that the short-course treatment was not woi-th pur"suing.Theknowledge thal.75% of HIV vertical transmission occurs during delivery has led investigators tothe iandmark trials using nevirapine as a single dose given during labour offerring a feasible andaffordable treatment for reducing the rate of vertical transmission.To justify the relevance of theseissues, the Elizabeth Glaser Paediatrics AIDS Foundation has devoted $100 miilion to preventHIV vertical transmission. Assuming a cost of $250 per mother-child treatment using the longcourse AZT would translate to 65,000 fewer HIV infected child. Yet devoting the same money toa single-dose nevirapine, at $4 per mother-child can translate to 270,000 fever HIV infected child,lffrttE Supplemen Majalah Kedokteran Andalas. Vol. 37. No.Supl.1, [/aret 2014potentially saving an additional 200,000 lives. The UNESCO Chair in Bioethics was establishedto coordinate and stimulate an international network of lnstitutes for Medical Ethics Training. lnthis role there is a need to develop an up to date syllabus for Medical ethics education which willsatisfy requirements of the Medical fraternity. These followed Two lnternational Studies in 2001that UNESCO undertook in researching the importance and quality of education in ethics inMedical Colleges and faculties all over the world. The results confirmed that there is an emergingneed for introduction of teaching of Medical ethics as a consequence of several social andscientific processes that have taken place. These included the relationship between health careproviders and their patients, the choice of medical interventions for the individual patient, thechoice of Public health interventions, the evaluation of effects of health care interventions, thecollaboration between teams engaged in health care activities and the choice of goals andmethods of medical reseai'ch.Hence, research using less than the world's best practice can beethical and has the potential to provide sufficient benefit for the host communities and IRB shouldbe given the authority to approve such activities on a case by case basis.Affiliasi Penulis : Director Centre for Asia Pacific Bioethics Studies, Korespondensi : Theong H. Low, email :thlow@bigpond. net.au,

HUBUNGAN PERSENTASE DAN POLA STROMA REAKTIF DENGAN DERAJAT HISTOPATOLOGI LESI PROSTAT Noza Hilbertina; Henny Mulyani
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 35, No 2 (2011): Published in August 2011
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstrakAktivasi dari lingkungan mikro stromal pada pejamu diperkirakan merupakan tahapan kritis dalam pertumbuhan dan progresi dari adenokarsinoma. Stroma reaktif ini sangat penting dalam merangsang invasi, progresi dan metastasis tumor. Kanker prostat adalah kanker yang tersering pada laki-laki.. Elemen pembeda pada prostat adalah fenotipe otot polos yang ada pada jaringan prostat normal sulit dibedakan dengan stroma reaktif pada pewarnaan rutin yaitu hematoksilin eosin. Dengan aplikasi pulasan Masson trichrome maka stroma normal dan stroma reaktif dapat dibedakan secara jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase dan pola distribusi stroma reaktif berdasarkan derajat histopatologi lesi prostat.Seratus sepuluh kasus lesi prostat yang telah didiagnosis di Laboratorium Patologi FK-Unand, Padang dilakukan review ulang terhadap derajat histopatologi lesi. Selanjutnya blok parafin dari kasus yang bersangkutan dipotong ulang untuk pewarnaan Masson trichrome dan dinilai secara mikroskopik persentase dan pola stroma reaktif tersebut.Analisis statistik menunjukkan hubungan yang kuat dan bermakna secara statistik antara persentase stroma reaktif dengan derajat histopatologi lesi prostat dengan nilai r = 0,679 dan p < 0,05 dan juga terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara pola distribusi stroma reaktif dengan derajat histopatologi lesi prostat dengan nilai p < 0,05Kata Kunci : Derajat histopatologi, persentase stroma reaktif, pola stroma reaktifAbstractActivation of the host stromal microenvironment is predicted to be a critical step in adenocarcinoma growth and progression. Reactive stroma in cancer would be predicted to enhance tumor progression, stimulating invasion and metastasis. Prostat cancer is the most cancer in men. Prostat cancer reactive stroma is composed of a myofibroblast/fibroblast mix. A simple trichrome stain makes the process of distinguishing normal stroma and reactive stroma more obvious. We examined the association of percentage and pattern of reactive stroma to histopatologic grading from the prostate lesions.A hundred and ten of prostate lesion were obtain from the Pathological Anatomic Laboratorium, Medical Faculty of Andalas University in Padang. The hematoxilinARTIKEL PENELITIAN107eosin slides were reviewed by two viewer for histopathologic grading and than whole mount thin section were stained with Masson trichrome. To evaluate the reactive stromal interpretation classified in to percentage (+, ++, +++) and pattern of reactive stroma (regular and irregular).There were significant association between percentage of reactive stroma with histopathologic grading statistically (p<0,05 and r=0,679) and significant association between pattern of reactive stroma with histopathologic grading statistically (p<0,05).Key word : histopathologic grading, percentage, pattern

PARAMEDIAN FOREHEAD FLAP FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NOSE Al Hafiz; Effy Huriyati; Bestari J. Budiman; Jacky Munilson
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 38, No 2 (2015): Published in September 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstrakPenutupan defek yang ditimbulkan akibat operasi di daerah kepala dan leher umumnya dapat dilakukan dengan penjahitan langsung. Untuk defek yang lebih luas, atau apabila metode penjahitan langsung tidak memungkinkan untuk dilakukan, maka dapat digunakan flap kulit. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendemonstrasikan ke ahli THT-KL, bagaimana forehead flap dapat memperbaiki estetika dan fungsi hidung pada kasus deformitas hidung. Satu kasus deformitas pada hidung, seorang laki-laki berusia 69 tahun dengan riwayat basalioma di daerah hidung. Pada pasien dilakukan rekonstruksi hidung dengan menggunakan forehead flap. Rekonstruksi hidung menggunakan forehead flap dapat mengurangi defek pada deformitas hidung. Diperlukan analisis wajah terutama daerah hidung untuk menentukan jenis dan posisi dari flap kulit yang tepat.AbstractA Defect following head and neck surgery can often be closed using the technique of direct suture. For larger defects or in situations where direct suture is neither applicable, surgical defect in the head and neck especially at the nose, can be filled by local skin flaps. The case was reported in order to demonstrate to Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck surgeons on how the forehead flap could restore the aesthetic and function of the nose in nasal deformity case. One case of the nasal deformity was reported in a 69 years old man with history of basal cell carcinoma on the nose. This patient was managed using the forehead flap for nasal reconstruction purpose. The employment of this technique could reduce the defects of nasal deformity. Facial analysis particularly nasal area is necessary to determine the exact kind and position of skin flap.

GANGGUAN PANIK DENGAN AGORAFOBIA Yaslinda Yaunin
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 36, No 2 (2012): Published in August 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstrakSerangan Panik ditandai dengan gejala anxietas yang berat seperti: berdebar-debar, nyeri dada, sesak nafas, tremor, pusing, merasa dingin atau panas, ada depersonalisasi atau derealisasi, gejala mencapai puncaknya dalam 10 menit. Gangguan Panik merupakan serangan panik yang berulang-ulang dengan onset cepat dan durasi sangat singkat. Karena adanya keluhan fisik berat pada waktu serangan, pasien menjadi ketakutan mereka akan mendapat serangan jantung, stroke dan lain-lain. Kadang pasien berfikir mereka akan kehilangan kontrol atau menjadi gila. Lama-lama pasien akan menghindari tempat-tempat atau situasi serangan paniknya pernah terjadi terutama tempat kegiatan sosial atau tempat yang susah untuk menyelamatkan diri, hal ini dianggap sebagai penyebab terjadinya Agorafobia. Gangguan Panik bisa disebabkan faktor biologik,genetik atau psikososial. Penatalaksanaan sebaiknya kombinasi Psikofarmaka dan Psikoterapi. Pada kasus ini seorang wanita 26 tahun datang dengan keluhan seperti serangan panik berulang sejak 6 bulan sebelumnya, yang tidak mendapat pengobatan adekuat sehingga jatuh menjadi Gangguan Panik dengan Agorafobia. Kalau dilihat etilogi sesuai teori psikososial: pasien ini mengalami cukup banyak trauma pada masa anak yaitu dengan perceraian orangtua, hidup penuh stresor bersama tante serta ibu tiri pada masa-masa sekolah. Ketika tinggal bersama ibu kandung pasien sering menyaksikan pertengkaran ibu dan bapak tirinya. Dengan pemberian Psikofarmaka yang dikombinasi dengan Psikoterapi memberi hasil yang cukup baik.Kata kunci: Serangan Panik,Gangguan Panik, AgorafobiaAbstractPanic Attack is characterized by severe anxiety symptoms: palpitation, chest pain, dyspnoe, tremor, dizziness, chills or hot, depersonalization or derealization, the symptoms reached a peak within 10 minutes. Panic Disorder is several time got Panic Att.ack with rapid onset and short very duration. Because of the physical symptoms during the attack, patient become afraid that they will have heart attack, become stroke etc.Sometimes patient think they will loss control or be crazy. By the time patient will avoid the place and situation their panic attack have occured, especially social activities or the place which escape would be formidable is thought to cause the Agoraphobia. Etilogy of Panic Disorder can be biological factors, genetic or psychosocial factors. The most effective treatments are combine pharmacotherapy and psychoterapy.In this case report a 26 years woman come with chief complain like panic attack many time since 6 moths before, cause of not get adequate treatment patient become PanicLAPORAN KASUS235Disorder with Agoraphobia. From etiology we consider psychosocial factors: patient had many psychosocial trauma since she was a child that is divorced of her parent, live with her auntie and step mother full with stressor during her schooltime, When she live with her mother, she often face the disharmony of her mother and her step father. With the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotearpy give good result.Key word : Panic Attack, Panic Disorder. Agoraphobia.

LATIHAN FISIK MENCETUSKAN ASMA Afriwardi Afriwardi
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 32, No 1: April 2008
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstrakAsma yang dicetuskan latihan fisik (exercise-induced asthma) merupakan suatu kelainan yang ditandai dengan terjadinya bronkospasme serta hipersekresi mukosa bronkus yang dicetuskan oleh kegiatan olahraga atau aktifitas fisik. Kami melaporkan satu kasus seorang atlet putri karate, umur 24 tahun yang sudah menekuni olahraga selama 10 tahun. Serangan sesak nafas yang kadang menimbulkan mengi dan dada terasa berat seringkali timbul saat melakukan latihan. Pada umumnya sesak dan dada berat akan berkurang setelah latihan dihentikan. Diagnosis ditegakkan dengan anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik yang dilakukan pada saat serangan yang terakhir serta adanya catatan medis yang sempat terdokumentasi. Perlu dilakukan kajian yang mendalam terhadap kasus ini karena serangan tersebut sangat mengganggu program latihan yang diberikan untuk atlet tersebut. Penelusuran terhadap faktor pencetus serta pemahaman karakteristik serangan akan sangat membantu pelatih dalam menyiapkan program latihan untuk atlet ini guna memperoleh prestasi terbaik.Kata kunci: exercise induced asthma – diagnosis - program latihanAbstractAsthma triggered by physical exercise (exercise-induced asthma) is a marked disorder with the occurrence of bronchospasm and hypersecretion of bronchial mucous triggered by sports or physical activity. We report a case of a karate sportswoman, aged 24 years old who has engaged in sports for 10 years. Shortness of breath attacks that sometimes followed with wheezing and chest heaviness often occurs during exercise. In general, shortness of breath and chest heaviness will decrease after the training is stopped. Diagnosis by interview and physical examination conducted at the time of the attack, and documented n the medical record. In-depth study of the case need to be performed because the attack seriously affects training provided to the athlete. Studying the triggering factors and understanding the characteristics of the attack will greatly help trainers in preparing the training program for athletes in order to achieve their best performance.Keywords: exercise induced asthma - diagnosis - training program

PERAN LATIHAN DISUPERVISI PADA PASIEN DENGAN PENYAKIT ARTERI PERIFER EKSREMITAS BAWAH Eka Fithra Elfi
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 37, No 2 (2014): Published in September 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstrakPenyakit arteri perifer (peripheral arterial disease, PAD) merupakan kumpulan kelainan yang menghambat aliran darah ke ekstremitas, pada umumnya terjadi akibat aterosklerosis dan bermanifestasi sebagai klaudikasio. Disamping terapi medikamentosa dan endovaskuler yang optimal, manajemen non farmakologi PAD terbukti efektif mengurangi gejala, meningkatkan kemampuan berjalan dan kualitas hidup. Telah dilaporkan laki-laki usia 58 tahun penderita klaudikasio intermitten karena oklusi arteri iliaka komunis sinistra. Pasien masih merasakan gejala setelah terapi medikamentosa dan angioplasty tranluminal percutaneous. Setelah dilakukan program latihan disupervisi, gejala, kemampuan berjalan, dan indeks brachial ankle meningkat signifikan. Program latihan disupervisi pada pasien PAD dinilai penting sebagai terapi primer untuk meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional dan kualitas hidup untuk manajemen jangka panjang.AbstractPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a disorder that obstruct the arterial blood supply to extremities, most commonly caused by atherosclerosis and manifests as claudicatio. Aside from optimal medical therapy and endovascular therapy, non pharmacological managements of PAD are proven effectively improving symptoms, increasing walking distance, and overall quality of life. The case report describe a 58 years old male with known claudicatio intermitten due to occlusion of left communis iliac artery. After medical therapy and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, the patient still symptomatic. After supervised exercise training was prescribed to the patient, the symptom, walking distance, and ankle brachial index was improved significantly. Rehabilitation in PAD with supervised exercise training plays significant role as primary therapy in patients with PAD to improve functional capacity and quality of life in long term management.

Stenosis aorta dengan penyulit hiperkalemia Rika Permata Sari; Yerizal Karani; Citra Kiki Krevani
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 42, No 1 (2019): Published in January 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

Stenosis Aorta (SA) merupakan salah satu kelainan katup jantung yang sering ditemui, dan juga merupakan indikasi untuk dilakukannya operasi penggantian katup. Kalium adalah ion ekstraselular berperan penting dalam pengaturan elektrofisiologis fungsi miokard. Hiperkalemia dapat dikaitkan dengan kelainan elektrokardiografi yang sering terjadi. Secara umum, hiperkalemia menghasilkan penurunan kecepatan rangsangan dan konduksi secara bertahap pada sel pacu jantung dan jaringan di seluruh jantung. Tujuan: Memaparkan mengenai stenosis aorta baik secara diagnostik maupun penatalaksanaan. Kasus: Wanita 79 tahun dengan keluhan utama pusing setelah aktivitas. Nyeri dada tidak menjalar saat aktivitas dan berkurang saat istirahat sejak satu minggu sebelumnya. Riwayat nyeri dada sejak 1 tahun terakhir saat aktivitas dan tidak muncul saat istirahat. Sesak nafas muncul 7 hari rawatan, tidak menciut, tidak dipengaruhi makanan atau cuaca, terutama saat nyeri dada. Pasien didiagnosis stenosis aorta berat dengan hiperkalemia. Simpulan: Berdasarkan manajemen stenosis aorta, pasien direncanakan angiografi. Jika ada penyumbatan koroner disarankan Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting sekaligus penggantian katup aorta.

THE EXPRESSION OF PCNA AND APOPTOSIS ON LIVER CELL DAMAGE DUE TO OXIDATIVE PROCESS OF AFLATOXIN B1 BIOTRANSFORMATION Yanwirasti Yanwirasti
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 33, No 2: Agustus 2009
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

AbstractThe objective of this study was to disclose the expression of Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis on white rat’s liver cells due to oxidative process produced by different dosages and exposure times of Aflatoxin B1 biotransformation. Using factorial design in this experimental study three exposure times and four dosages of AFB1 were used. The experiment used 96 white rats. Adult healthy white rats were divided into four groups of 24 rats each, based on the dosages of AFB, given. Each groups was divided further into three sub groups of eight rats based on the leghth of exposure time to AFB1.Four dosages of AFB1, were introduced orally every day into different groups, consisted of 0, 10, 15 and 20 ug, dissolved in 0.2 ml propylene glicol. Three subgroup received the dosage for 12 weeks, 16 weeks and 20 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. Liver cells with PCNA were scrutinized using immunohistochemical method, using ovidin biotin method (DAKO) and apoptosis were determined by using peroxidase insitu detection kit, while liver cell damage were examined using histological slices stained by haematoxillin eosin.Our data confirmed that : 1) Expression of PCNA were significant differences between no exposure AFB1 with 16 weeks and 15 μg AFB1 exposure (a time that dysplacia started). The expression become increase by the increasing dosages and time exposure of AFB1. 2) Expression of apoptosis become increased until 16 weeks and 15 μg AFB1 exposure (a time that dysplacia started), but after that there is no increase anymore by the increasing dosage and time exposure AFB1.This study conclude that the expression of apoptosis become increase until a time dysplacia started, and then they will decrease, while PCNA become increase after a time where dysplacias started.Key words : PCNA, apoptosis, Aflatoxin B1

Preface and ToC - Vol 37, Supplement 1 (2014) Redaksi MKA
Majalah Kedokteran Andalas Vol 37 (2014): Supplement 1 | Published in March 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

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Contact Email hirowatiali@med.unand.ac.id

Phone +6281276163526

Journal Mail Official mka@med.unand.ac.id

Editorial Address Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

Location Kota padang, Sumatera barat INDONESIA

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Contact Name
Hirowati Ali

Contact Email
hirowatiali@med.unand.ac.id

Phone
+6281276163526

Journal Mail Official
mka@med.unand.ac.id

Editorial Address
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas

Location
Kota padang,

Sumatera barat

INDONESIA