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Padjadjaran Journal of International Law
Published by Universitas Padjadjaran
ISSN : 25492152     EISSN : 25491296     DOI : -
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law (PJIL) is a peer-reviewed international law journal published by the Department International Law, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran. PJIL publishes its articles annually every January. The articles published by PJIL are scientific articles that explain a research result and analytical review in the field of international law.
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Articles 109 Documents
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PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ROHINGYA IN MYANMAR: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ASEAN’S POLICY AND ACTION ON ASEAN INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (AICHR) Rachminawati; Khairil Azmin Mokhtar
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.315

Abstract

AbstractSince its inception over four decades ago ASEAN has always worked towards improving the lives of its citizens. Year 2009 has opened another chapter with the inauguration of AICHR pursuant to Article 14 of the ASEAN Charter at the 15th ASEAN Summit. Since then AICHR has conducted various activities. In the midst of these ‘progress’ the vital question remains unanswered; To what extent AICHR has been successful in protecting human rights of citizens in ASEAN countries? This shall be answered through qualitative legal research. This study serves as an analytical basis to predict the future development of the AICHR as well as human rights protection in South East Asia. Furthermore, it contributes to the reform of both ASEAN and AICHR toward implementation of human rights in the region. This research focuses on human rights issues of the Rohingya in Myanmar whereby ASEAN’s policy and action relating to the issue are examined. The finding shows that the policy and action of ASEAN does not provide much support in protecting the rights of the Rohingya. On the contrary, the policy has hindered the effort of AICHR in protecting human rights. AICHR is considered not independent since it almost completely relies on ASEAN. As therefore, it is recommended that ASEAN and its member states take real and concrete measures to protect human rights. Hence, to achieve AICHR and ASEAN’s objectives, lASEAN and its member states must respect human rights and support AICHR with necessary power and measure. Keywords: AICHR, ASEAN, Human Rights, Myanmar, Rohingya. Abstrak Sejak kelahirannya empat dekade yang lalu, ASEAN selalu berupaya meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyatnya. Tahun 2009 membuka lembaran baru ASEAN dengan adanya inaugurasi AICHR berdasarkan Pasal 14 dari Piagam ASEAN pada Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi ASEAN ke-15. Semenjak itu, AICHR telah melaksanakan berbagai kegiatan. Dalam perkembangannya, masih terdapat pertanyaan penting yang belum terjawab; sejauh mana keberhasilan AICHR dalam melindungi hak asasi dari warga negara-negara di ASEAN? Untuk menjawabnya, pertanyaan ini akan dijawab melalui penelitian hukum kualitatif. Penelitian ini berfungsi sebagai dasar analisis untuk memprediksi perkembangan AICHR juga perlindungan HAM di ASEAN. Selain itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan berkontribusi terhadap reformasi ASEAN dan juga AICHR dalam perlindungan HAM di ASEAN. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada isu HAM kelompok Rohingya di Myanmar dengan menelaah kebijakan dan tindakan ASEAN terhadap isu tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan dan tindakan ASEAN tidak memberikan cukup dukungan dalam perlindungan HAM terhadap Rohingya, namun sebaliknya, kebijakan-kebijakan yang ada telah menghalangi upaya AICHR dalam melindungi HAM. Sehingga AICHR tidak benar-benar independen sebab AICHR bergantung nyaris sepenuhnya pada ASEAN. Oleh karenanya, ASEAN dan negara-negara anggotanya sebaiknya melakukan berbagai upaya yang nyata dan konkret untuk melindungi HAM. Agar AICHR bisa merealisasikan maksud dan tujuannya, ASEAN dan negara-negara anggotanya harus menghormati HAM dan mendukung AICHR melalui berbagai upaya dan kekuatan yang diperlukan. Kata Kunci: AICHR, ASEAN, Hak Asasi Manusia, Myanmar, Rohingya
THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION ON SANCTIONS TOWARDS INDIVIDUAL FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Jessica Priscilla Suri
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.316

Abstract

AbstractThe United Nations Security Council (SC) holds the primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security as stipulated in Article 24 of the United Nations Charter (UN Charter). The emergence of international terrorism as a threat to international peace and security encourages the SC to impose sanctions in the form of assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo towards targeted individuals through the SC Resolutions on Taliban, Al-Qaida and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). However, the implementation of UN targeted sanctions towards individuals has been violating the targeted individual’s human rights to property, rights of movement, rights to privacy, honor and reputation, and also the rights to a fair trial. This article will explain about the legitimation of the SC Resolutions in imposing sanction towards an individual, and the obligation of UN member states towards the SC resolution that imposes sanctions against its citizen. The violations of human rights stemming from the implementation of SC Resolutions on sanction towards individuals indicate that the resolutions have been adopted beyond the limits of international law. Therefore this condition makes the resolutions lost its legitimacy under international law. In accordance with Article 25 and 103 of the UN Charter, all member states have an obligation to accept, carry on and give priority to the obligation originating from the SC Resolution including to implement the sanction measures towards individuals. Nevertheless, member states must accommodate and harmonize its obligations in respecting, protecting and fulfilling all the individuals’ rights who are targeted by the SC along with its obligation to the SC Resolutions. Keywords: Human Rights, Sanction towards Individuals, United Nations Security Council.AbstrakDewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (DK) memiliki tanggungjawab utama untuk menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional berdasarkan Pasal 24 Piagam PBB. Munculnya terorisme internasional sebagai ancaman terhadap perdamaian dan keamanan internasional mendorong DK untuk menjatuhkan sanksi berupa pembekuan aset, pelarangan perjalanan serta embargo senjata kepada individu yang ditargetkan melalui rezim Resolusi Taliban, Al-Qaida dan Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Dalam penerapannya penjatuhan sanksi tersebut menimbulkan pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) yaitu hak terhadap properti, hak kebebasan berpindah, hak atas privasi, kehormatan dan reputasi serta hak atas proses pengadilan yang adil. Pelanggaran HAM tersebut memunculkan tujuan dilakukannya penulisan artikel ini yaitu untuk menunjukan mengenai legitimasi resolusi DK yang menjatuhkan sanksi kepada individu, serta memaparkan mengenai kewajiban negara anggota PBB terhadap resolusi DK yang menjatuhkan sanksi kepada warga negaranya. Pelanggaran HAM yang disebabkan oleh penerapan penjatuhan sanksi terhadap individu mengindikasikan bahwa resolusi yang mendasari penjatuhan sanksi tersebut diadopsi dengan melampaui batasan-batasan penjatuhan sanksi DK dan telah kehilangan legitimasinya menurut hukum internasional. Sehingga meskipun negara memiliki kewajiban berdasarkan Pasal 25 dan 103 Piagam PBB untuk tetap menerima, melaksanakan dan mengutamakan kewajibannya berdasarkan Resolusi DK yang menjatuhkan sanksi terhadap individu, negara tetap harus mengakomodir dan mengharmonisasikan kewajibannya dalam menghormati, melindungi dan memenuhi HAM individu yang dijatuhkan sanksi saat melaksanakan kewajibannya yang berasal dari Resolusi DK. Kata Kunci: Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Hak Asasi Manusia, Sanksi terhadap Individu
THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND CLIMATE CHANGE: FROM ‘COLD WAR’ TO ‘WARMING WAR’ Imam Mulyana
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.317

Abstract

AbstractThe impacts of climate changes around the world have become global concern at both national and international level. A broad scheme of international cooperation to mitigate their impacts has been engaged through several international legal frameworks. However, such efforts are considered insufficient to stem the consequences and causes of climate change. It is therefore important to examine a proper legal enforcement mechanism for the climate changes issues. This paper thus starts with explaining the scope and definition of climate changes and sees whether it has correlation with the security issues. It is followed by examining the authority of UN Security Council (UNSC) vested in the UN Charter and observes whether it has authorisation in enforcing the climate changes issues. Although, as a result of its examination, this article finds that UNSC mechanism provides widen possible measures in enforcing climate change’s issues rather than other existing mechanisms under international law, it still suggests that UNSC mechanism shall only be used as a last resort after the other enforcement mechanisms are exhausted. Keywords: Climate Change, Threat to International Peace and Security, UN Charter, UN Security Council AbstrakDampak perubahan iklim di berbagai belahan dunia telah menjadi perhatian negara-negara tidak saja di tingkat nasional tetapi juga di tingkat internasional. Upaya untuk menanggulangi dampak dari perubahan iklim melalui sejumlah kerja sama internasional telah secara luas dilakukan namun belum mampu mencegah penyebab dan menghentikan dampak dari perubahan iklim tersebut. Dengan demikian, penentuan mekanisme penegakan hukum yang paling tepat dalam memeriksa kasus perubahan ilklim ini merupakan hal yang penting. Tulisan ini dimulai dengan penjelasan fenomena perubahan iklim dan hubungannya dengan isu keamanan. Pertama-tama artikel ini membahas ruang lingkup dari perubahan iklim dan kewenangan Dewan Keamanan (DK) PBB. Oleh karena itu, sebagai upaya untuk mencari cara lain dalam penanggulanan dampak dari perubahan iklim, sangatlah penting untuk memahami serangkaian otoritas yang dimiliki DK PBB. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa mekanisme DK PBB ternyata menunjukan kemungkinan yang lebih luas dalam hal penerapan sanksi yang lebih memaksa dan lebih mengikat dibanding mekanisme lain yang telah ada saat ini sebagai mekanisme untuk menanggulangi perubahan iklim. Meskipun tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa Dewan Keamanan PBB mempunyai kewenangan hukum untuk mengatasi masalah perubahan iklim, akan tetapi mekanisme internasional yang lain diluar mekanisme Dewan Keamanan PBB harus tetap menjadi prioritas dan dijalankan terlebih dahulu.Kata Kunci: Dewan Keamanan PBB, Piagam PBB, Perubahan iklim, Ancaman terhadap Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional.
FOMER CHILD SOLDIERS: PRODUCT OF ARMED CONFLICTS AND HOW THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT FAILS TO SEE ITS SIGNIFICANCE Dino Panji Pananjung; Sigar Aji Poerana
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.319

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AbstractIn armed conflicts, children are often kidnapped and forced to become child soldiers, they are also given forced indoctrination (by violence and threats) and are taught to commit crimes, such as looting and murder. Disobeyed children and those who try to escape will be punished in the form of torture or even being executed in front of other children's soldiers as a lesson so others will not follow their step. When they did not serve the armed forces anymore or they grew up and no longer held child status, they were given the title of "former child soldiers". These former child soldiers might still live in rebellious environments and commit serious crimes including international crimes under jurisdiction of International Criminal Court when they grow up. This research argues whether the International Criminal Court considers the historical status of the perpetrators who are former child soldiers as mitigating factor of their punishment. The research method used is the juridical normative approach. The result of this research shows the International Criminal Court has never considered the history of international criminals as child soldiers. However, the International Criminal Court may use the consideration beside what has been regulated in Rome Statute, such as Article 21(3). This is also based on the Judge's right for discretion in the Rome Statute to adjudicate, as what we can see in the Case of Omar Khadr. Keywords: Child Soldier, Criminal responsibility, International Criminal Court, Judgment and Sentencing, Rome Statute. AbstrakDalam konflik bersenjata, anak seringkali diculik dan dipaksa menjadi tantara anak, mereka juga didoktrin paksa (melalui kekerasan atau ancaman) serta diajakan untuk melakukan kejahatan seperti menjarah dan membunuh. Mereka yang tidak menurut dan yang mencoba melarikan diri akan dihukum dengan disiksa di hadapan para tantara anak lainnya sebagai contoh agar tidak ditiru oleh anak lainnya. Mereka disebut “mantan tantara anak” setelah tidak lagi menjadi teantara atau telah dewasa. Tidak menutup kemungkinan ketika dewasa mereka hidup dengan jiwa pemberontak dan melakukan kejahatan serius bahkan kejahatan internasional yang menjadi jurisdiksi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional. Penelitian ini membahas apakah Mahkamah Pidana Internasional mempertimbangkan riwayat seorang pelaku kejahatan internasional yang menjadi seorang mantan tentara anak untuk meringankan hukuman mereka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik Mahkamah Pidana Internasional tidak pernah mempertimbangkan latar belakang pelaku kejahatan internasional sebagai mantan tentara anak. Namun, Hakim Mahkamah Pidana Internasional dapat menggunakan ketentuan diluar Statuta Roma berdasarkan pasal 21(3). Hal ini juga didasari pada adanya diskresi Hakim untuk memutus dan mengadili diluar yang diatur di dalam Statuta Roma, seperti halnya Kasus Omar Khadr. Kata Kunci: Mahkamah Pidana Internasional, Pemidanaan, Pertanggungjawaban Pidana, Statuta Roma, Tentara Anak.
THE INTERRELATION OF FORCED EVICTION AND THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT Difa Ghiblartar Gastina; Irawati Handayani
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.320

Abstract

AbstractDevelopment is one of the most common reasons to evict inhabitant forcibly. This happens because individuals or communities are placed as objects of development, causing the closure of participation space in development. In the perspective of human rights, development is claimed as a right, which every human being has the right to participate, contribute, and receive benefits for everything that results from development. This study aims to understand the perspective of the right to development towards forced evictions and the implementation od state obligation on the right to development at the national level. The study reveals that based on the principles in the right to development (such as holistic development;placement of humans as the central subject of development as well as participation in the development process) can protect individuals or communities from forced evictions. Futhermore, to ensure the fulfillment, state has key role to implement the right to development at the national level. Keywords: Forced Eviction, Human Rights, Right to Development. AbstrakPembangunan merupakan salah-satu alasan paling umum penyebab terjadinya penggusuran paksa. Hal ini dikarenakan individu atau masyarakat ditempatkan sebagai objek pembangunan yang menyebabkan tertutupnya ruang partisipatif dalam pembangunan tersebut. Dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia, pembangunan diklaim sebagai hak dimana setiap orang berhak untuk berpartisipasi, berkontribusi dan menerima manfaat hasil pembangunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perspektif hak atas pembangunan terhadap penggusuran paksa, serta bagaimana kewajiban Negara dalam menerapkan hak tersebut ditingkat nasional. b Berdasarkan analisis terhadap prinsip-prinsip dalam hak atas pembangunana seperti pembangunan yang holistik; penempatan manusia sebagai subjek sentral dari pembangunan dan juga partisipasi dalam proses pembangunan dapat melindungi individu atau masyarakat dari penggusuran paksa. Untuk menjamin pemenuhannya, Negara dalam menerapkan hak atas pembangunan ditingkat nasional. Kata Kunci: Hak Asasi Manusia, Hak atas Pembangunan, Penggusuran Paksa.
RISING SEA LEVEL: LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ON THE SHIFTING OF COASTAL STATE BASELINE Ratu Gita Narnina W; Arie Afriansyah
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.321

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AbstractBaseline is a line drawn from the coastal configuration features, which is very important because the drawing of a baseline allows a coastal State to claim its own maritime zone as measured from said line. However, this concept of baseline currently faced new phenomena called the sea-level rise caused by the climate change. Climate change is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and causing the earth's surface temperature and sea surface temperatures to increase causing the melting of ice and glaciers. Based on survey data Fifth Assessment Report conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is said that in 2100 the rise of sea water will reach 0.52m to 0.98m. In this regard, the rise of seawater brings a legal implication of the possibility in a shift of the baseline due to the inundation of the coastline used as a place to draw the baseline itself, resulting in the possibility of States losing juridical claims in its maritime zone. Coastal States must now begin to have awareness regarding the impacts caused by rising sea level in order to anticipate and reduce the impact of rising sea level. Keywords: Baseline, Climate Change, Maritime Zone, Rising-Sea Level. AbstrakGaris pangkal merupakan garis yang ditarik dari fitur-fitur konfigurasi pantai yang sangat penting karena penarikan garis pangkal memungkinkan suatu negara untuk mengklaim zona maritim miliknya, diukur dari garis tersebut. Akan tetapi, garis pangkal ini kini menghadapi kendala yaitu fenomena kenaikan air laut yang disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim disebabkan karena menumpuknya gas emisi rumah kaca dan menyebabkan suhu permukaan bumi dan suhu permukaan air laut meningkat sehingga menyebabkan mencairnya es dan gletser di bumi. Dari kejadian tersebut lahirlah fenomena yang dinamakan kenaikan air laut. Berdasarkan data dari survei yang dilakukan oleh Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) dalam Fifth Assessment Report, dikatakan bahwa pada tahun 2100 kenaikan air laut akan mencapai 0,52m hingga 0,98m. Dalam hal ini, kenaikan air laut akan membawa implikasi hukum terkait kemungkinan adanya pergeseran pada garis pangkal dikarenakan tergenangnya wilayah garis pantai yang digunakan sebagai tempat untuk menarik garis pangkal, sehingga besar kemungkinan terjadinya hilangnya klaim yuridis pada zona maritim tertentu. Negara-negara pantai sekarang sudah harus menyadari dampak yang disebabkan oleh kenaikan air laut ini sehingga kemudian dapat mengantisipasi dampak dari kenaikan air laut. Kata Kunci: Garis Pangkal, Kenaikan Air Laut, Perubahan Iklim, Zona Maritim.
THE USE OF AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS IN ARMED CONFLICT : LEGALITY AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE WEAPON REGULATION Andreas Wilia; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.322

Abstract

AbstractAutonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) has been developed as an alternative weapon system in the battlefield. It has a fundamental difference with other weapons systems which lies in decision making carried out without human intervention. AWS is able to make decisions about life and death and it has been legally, morally and ethically challenged since it has potential to distract moral and ethical on the battlefield. However, as a smart weapon, it gives a significant advantage since it can be deployed in very dangerous areas for the purpose of self-defense in critical situations. This article argues that AWS is still a conventional weapon and cannot be absolutely prohibited even if it is deemed as a vulnerable and destructive weapon which potentially violates international humanitarian law (IHL). AWS is still fully compliant with IHL basic principles for as long as there is a sufficient legal basis that provides the limit and legality of the use of AWS. Accordingly, this article also suggests that the future AWS regulation should be followed by appropriate technical provision on the development, production, ownership, transfer and use in armed conflict.Keywords: Armed Conflict, Autonomous Weapon Systems, International Humanitarian Law, Weapon Regulation AbstrakSistem Senjata Otonom (AWS) telah dikembangkan sebagai sistem senjata alternatif dalam pertempuran dan memiliki perbedaan fundamental dengan sistem senjata lain yaitu, keputusan yang diambil tanpa adanya intervensi manusia. AWS mampu untuk memutuskan hidup dan matinya target kombatan sehingga penggunaannya ditentang baik secara hukum, moral, dan etika karena berpotensi merusak moral dan etika dalam peperangan. Namun demikian, sebagai senjata modern, AWS memberikan keuntungan yang nyata mengingat AWS dapat ditempatkan di daerah yang berbahaya bagi manusia untuk alasan bela diri dalam situasi yang sangat sulit. Penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa AWS tetap merupakan senjata konvensional yang penggunaannya tidak dapat dilarang secara absolut sekalipun berpotensi menjadi senjata penghancur yang dapat melanggar hukum humaniter. AWS mampu untuk mematuhi prinsip-prinsip dasar hukum humaniter sepanjang pengaturan dan pembatasan penggunaannya diatur dalam instrumen hukum humaniter yang memadai yang hingga saat ini belum tersedia. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa aturan AWS masa depan harus juga mencakup aturan-aturan teknis tentang pengembangan, pembuatan, kepemilikan, pengalihan serta penggunaan dari AWS dalam sengketa bersenjata. Kata Kunci: Aturan Senjata, Konflik Bersenjata, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Sistem Senjata Otonom
REFORMING THE UNITED NATIONS: REALITIES, EXPECTATIONS, AND THE WAY FORWARD Joy Henri Mangapul
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 1 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i1.323

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AbstractThe United Nations was born as an end-result of the Second World War. Its stated purpose was obvious as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations (“the Charter”) – to maintain international peace and security. The United Nations, however, both in terms of practicality and the will to do such, had been burdened by several problems surrounding them; the ineffectiveness of several bodies such as the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council (“ECOSOC”), etc.; the overwhelming power of the veto rights vested towards the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ("the UNSC"); the strength of certain resolutions towards the international community, to name a few. Though one of the keys to reform the United Nations is by amending the Charter itself, the current development on the issue seems – and continues to seem – moot. Thus, the will to reform has to be from the United Nations itself, since the organization is expected to develop with time and the community, instead of being extremely rigid, dead-locked international organization. Keywords: Charter of the United Nations, organization, reform, resolution, United Nations. AbstrakPerserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa lahir sebagai hasil akhir, atau akibat, dari Perang Dunia Kedua. Tujuan tersurat PBB adalah telah jelas sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Sekalipun demikian, PBB baik secara praktis maupun melihat niat, nyatanya menemui rintangan dan permasalahan yang mengelilinginya seperti tidak efisiennya beberapa badan seperti Badan Perwalian (Trusteeship Council), Badan Ekonomi dan Sosial (ECOSOC), dan sebagainya; kekuatan berlebihan berkenaan hak veto bagi lima negara anggota permanen Dewan Keamanan PBB; kekuatan resolusi-resolusi tertentu terhadap komunitas dunia, dan masih banyak lagi. Sekalipun salah satu kunci reformasi PBB ialah dengan mengamandemen piagam PBB itu sendiri, perkembangan yang terjadi membuat hal tersebut menjadi angan semu semata. Tekad mereformasi PBB sudah sewajarnya berasal dari PBB sendiri. Oleh karenanya, PBB diharapkan untuk berkembang seiring waktu juga dengan komunitas global, bukan menjadi organisasi yang kaku dan terkungkung. Kata Kunci: Organisasi, reformasi, resolusi, Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa, Piagam PBB
COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES WITHIN ASEAN WATERS: ASEAN WAY VS. RULE OF LAW Chloryne Dewi
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 1 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i1.334

Abstract

AbstractThe strategic geographical situation of ASEAN waters, making this area often misused as a transportation method by the perpetrators of transnational organized crimes (TOC). Most cases are people smuggling, human trafficking, illicit drugs and even slavery. Recently, it is found that those crimes are often committed in one vessel accompanying illegal fishing. ASEAN countries are state parties to the Palermo Convention on Trans Organized Crimes and its protocols. In addition, they also bound with regional legal instruments such as on human trafficking, counter terrorism and mutual legal assistance. Nonetheless, crimes do not stop. Cases are often settled by diplomatic measures instead of law enforcement by the spirit of ASEAN Way. This brings vagueness and confusion among law enforcement officers, should ASEAN Way neglect the rule of law? Hence, the objective of the research is to examine the situation and give recommendations on legal models in the prevention and law enforcement of TOC within ASEAN waters. The author compared the EU's legal system and mechanism in combating the crimes within regional perspective. Research found that political approach is somehow prevailing by the virtue of ASEAN Way. Furthemore, this ASEAN Way seems to justify the weakness of ASEAN Countries in law enforcement in preventing as well as combating TOC in ASEAN waters. Although the EU is not an apple to apple regional organisation compared with ASEAN, they have similar legal framework and mechanism to combat TOC. Hence, we can be optimistic that the rule of law in ASEAN should be prioritized and not contravene with ASEAN Way. Keywords: ASEAN Way, law enforcement, regional cooperation, rule of law, trans-national organized crimes. AbstrakLokasi geografis perairan negara-negara ASEAN yang strategis seringkali disalahgunakan oleh para pelaku kejahatan transnasional terorganisir sebagai media transportasi. Berbagai kejahatan yang terjadi di wilayah perairan ini diantaranya penyelundupan manusia, perdagangan manusia, penyelundupan narkotika, penyelundupan flora fauna langka yang dilindungi dan bahkan perbudakan. Dalam perkembangannya ditemukan fakta bahwa kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut tidak berdiri sendiri melainkan dilakukan bersamaan dengan penangkap ikan ilegal. Negara-negara ASEAN adalah pihak terhadap Konvensi Palermo tentang Kejahatan Terorganisir dan protokol-protokol yang menyertainya. Artinya, mereka terikat dengan kewajiban untuk mengimplementasikan instrumen tersebut diantaranya dalam tindakan pencegahan dan penegakan hukum. Selain itu, negara-negara ASEAN juga terikat dengan berbagai instrumen regional misalnya terkait perdagangan manusia, terorisme dan bantuan timbal balik. Namun kejahatan masih terus terjadi. Berbagai kasus diselesaikan secara diplomatis dilandasi semangat ASEAN Way daripada penegakan hukum. Hal ini menimbulkan ketidakjelasan dan kebingungan di antara para penegak hukum, apakah semangat ASEAN Way lebih diutamakan daripada penegakkan hukum? Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi situasi yang terjadi dan menganalisanya guna memperoleh masukan berupa model terbaik dalam rangka pencegahan dan penegakan hukum terhadap kejahatan transnasional terorganisir. Penulis melakukan perbandingan dengan kerangka hukum dan mekanisme di EU untuk mengambil praktik terbaik. Hasil riset menyatakan bahwa pendekatan politis lebih diutamakan di ASEAN atas landasan ASEAN Way. Sehingga hal ini seolah menjadi pembenaran bagi lemahnya perlindungan dan penegakan hukum terhadap kejahatan transnasional terorganisir oleh negara-negara di ASEAN. Meskipun EU dapat dianggap bukan pembanding yang seimbang, namun EU memiliki kemiripan kerangka hukum dan mekanisme dengan ASEAN dalam pencegahan dan penanganan TOC. Oleh karenanya, penulis optimis bahwa pendekatan hukum perlu diprioritaskan dan hal ini tidak bertentangan dengan ASEAN Way. Kata kunci: ASEAN Way, kejahatan di laut, kejahatan transnasional terorganisir, kerjasama regional, penegakan hukum, rule of law.
ASEAN REFORM: TOWARDS A MORE COHESIVE REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION Yogi Bratajaya
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 1 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 1, January 2019
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i1.335

Abstract

AbstractThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization that has seen exponential growth throughout the course of its lifespan ever since it was founded in August 8 of 1967. The organization comprises of 10 Member States with differing backgrounds in economy, culture and government. Its aims and purposes include “To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter” based on the “Mutual respect for the interdependence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations.” However, it seems that ASEAN’s fundamental principles are its main detriment to achieving and carrying out its aims and purposes. The organization has faced multiple criticisms regarding its failure to address pressing matters in the region, such as ongoing human rights violations committed by member states. The slowness in addressing these matters is due to its fundamental principles of non-intervention and mutual respect for political independence, which in turn causes the lack of comprehensive dispute settlement mechanisms within the organization. This journal aims to pinpoint and identify the root of the aforementioned problems and seeks to provide a comprehensive solution with reference to other regional organizations. Keywords: ASEAN, Legal Personality, Dispute Settlement, Human Rights AbstrakAssociation of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) merupakan sebuah organisasi antarnegara regional yang mengalami perkembangan pesat sejak terbentuknya pada 8 Agustus 1967. Saat sekarang ASEAN mengandung 10 anggota negara yang mempunyai latar-belakang ekonomi, budaya, dan sistem pemerintahan yang berbeda. Tujuan dari ASEAN adalah “To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter” berdasarkan “Mutual respect for the interdependence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations.” Namun, prinsip dasar ASEAN seakan-akan menghambat ASEAN untuk mencapai tujuannya. Kritik yang dihadapi oleh ASEAN meliputi statusnya dalam hukum internasional, kurangnya efektivitas sistem penyelesaian sengketa di dalam ASEAN, dan bagaimana ASEAN mengatasi permasalahan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah tersebut dan memberi solusi komprehensif dengan meninjau kepada organisasi regional lain. Kata Kunci: ASEAN, Personalitas Hukum, Penyelesaian Sengketa, Hak Asasi Manusia

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