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zonamanajemen@univbatam.ac.id
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Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Batam
Published by Universitas Batam
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27216373     DOI : 10.37776
Zona Manajemen adalah jurnal peer-review yang dikelola oleh Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Batam. Zona Manajemen bertujuan untuk mempublikasikan artikel di bidang Manajemen Umum, Manajemen Pemasaran dan akunting, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia dan Tata Kelola, Manajemen Strategik, Manajemen Keuangan, Manajemen Operasional, Manajemen Tata kelola perusahaan, Etika dan Profesionalisme, Manajemen perusahaan, Manajemen Pendidikan dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi.
Articles 75 Documents
DETERMINATION OF WORK AUTONOMY, ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE DETERMINATION OF COMPETENCE, COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION WITH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENTS AS VARIABLES MEDIATOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AGENCY OFFICERS TAX MANAGEMENT AND RETRIBUTION TANJUNG PINANG AREA Rieo Triozal Anugrah Putra; Indrayani Indrayani
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 3 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 03, Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i3.582

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 40. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely competence, communication, education, organizational commitment and employee performance. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.016 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.037 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.038 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.014 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.032 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.001 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of X2 against X4 is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.009 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, WORK CULTURE AND COMPETENCE WITH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AS A VARIABLE INTERVENING TOWARDS PERFORMANCE GOVERNMENT OFFICER PLANNING, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCE Dedy Wahyudi Hamidy
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 1 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 01, April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i1.557

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 74. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely transformational leadership, organizational culture, work culture, organizational commitment and employee performance. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.018 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.046 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.006 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.006 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of X2 against X4 is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.015 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF LEADERSHIP STYLE, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND MOTIVATION WORK WITH JOB SATISFACTION AS A VARIABLE OF MEDIATOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ENERGY SERVICE OFFICERS AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF RIAU ISLAND PROVINCE Kevin Romanza Parma
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 2 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 02, Agustus 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i2.361

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 50. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely leadership style, organizational culture, work motivation, job satisfaction and employee performance. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.009 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.028 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.008 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.017 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.024 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.009 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of X2 against X4 is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.007 < 0.06, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES, WORK FACILITIES, WORK DISCIPLINE WITH MOTIVATION AS VARIABLE MEDIATOR TO THE CENTRAL EMPLOYEE'S PERFORMANCE DATA AND SYSTEM MANAGEMENT INFORMATION BP BATAM Rahmat Ikraldo Busyra; Irwansyah Irwansyah
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 3 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 03, Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i3.578

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 48. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely responsibility, work facilities, work discipline, work motivation and employee performance. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The influence of the variable X3 on X4 has a P-Values value of 0,000 <0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 on X4 is significant. The effect of the X3 variable on Y has a P-Values value of 0,005 <0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 on Y is significant. The influence of the variable X4 on Y has a P-Values value of 0.008 <0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X4 on Y is significant. The influence of variable X1 to X4 has a P-Values value of 0.039 <0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X1 to X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X1 on Y has a P-Values value of 0.017 <0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 on Y is significant. The influence of variable X2 on X4 has a P-Values value of 0.006 <0.05, so it can be stated that the influence of X2 on X4 is significant. The influence of the variable X2 on Y has a P-Values value of 0.008 <0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X2 on Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF WORK ENVIRONMENT, WORKING SPIRIT,COMPETENCY OF WORK MOTIVATION AS VARIABLES MEDIATORS ON COMMITMENTS EMPLOYEE'S ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF U COOPERATIVE BUSINESS SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES RIAU ISLANDS Andri Widodo
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 1 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 01, April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i1.553

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 30. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely the working environment, the work spirit, competence, work motivation and the commitment of the employee organization. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.035 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.009 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.007 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.023 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.007 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, EDUCATION AND DISCIPLINE OF WORK WITH THE SPIRIT OF WORK AS A VARIABLE OF MEDIATOR TO THE PERFORMANCE OF HOUSING OFFICERS, KARIMUN REGENCY SETTLEMENTS AND CLEANLINESS Hermawan Adisusanto
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 2 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 02, Agustus 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i2.357

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 52. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely transformational leadership, education, work discipline, work spirit and employee performance. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.032 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.003 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.003 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.003 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.006 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.006 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.011 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF COMPETENCE, EDUCATION AND WORK DISCIPLINE WITH THE SPIRIT OF WORK AS A VARIABLE OF MEDIATOR ON THE WORK SATISFACTION OF GENERAL BUREAU OFFICERS OF THE RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCIAL SECRETARIAT Sentot Faisal; Elli Widia
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 3 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 03, Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i3.583

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 83. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely competence, education, work discipline, work spirit and employee satisfaction. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.005 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.024 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.005 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.006 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.001 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.004 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of X2 against X4 is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.032 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF COMPETENCE, COMPENSATION AND WORK FACILITIES WITH THE SATISFACTION OF WORKING AS A VARIABLE INTERVENING TO THE MOTIVATION WORK OF INSPECTORATE REGIONAL PROVINCIAL INSPECTOR OF RIAU ISLANDS Didi Prasetyo
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 1 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 01, April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i1.558

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 69. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely competence, compensation, work facilities, job satisfaction and employee motivation. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.008 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.029 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.008 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.047 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.018 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of X2 against X4 is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.009 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.
DETERMINATION OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP, RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORK AND WORKING SPIRIT WITH MOTIVATION AS VARIABLE OF MEDIATOR ON PERFORMANCE PERSONNEL UNDER THE POLDA KEPRI Leyanto Leyanto
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 2 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 02, Agustus 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i2.362

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 145. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely transformational leadership, job responsibilities, working spirit, work motivation and employee performance. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.001 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.042 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.031 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.039 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.480 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is no significant
DETERMINATION OF WORK DISCIPLINE, WORKING ENVIRONMENT, WORKING FACILITIES WITH JOB SATISFACTION AS A VARIABLE OF MEDIATOR ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENTS OFFICE CLERK OF CAMAT TEMBELAN Rama Agustian; Muhammad Tammy Ikbal Rumengan
Zona Manajemen: Program Studi Magister Sains Manajemen Universitas Vol 10 No 3 (2020): Volume 10, Nomor 03, Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37776/jzm.v10i3.579

Abstract

In this study, researchers used data respondents, such as gender, age and long working respondents to provide information on the characteristics of respondents. The questionnaire was spread over 40. The discussion in this chapter is the result of field studies to obtain data on the questionnaire responses that measure five key variables in the study, namely the discipline, work environment, work facilities, job satisfaction and the commitment of the employee's organization. Analysis of data with parametric and non parametrics statistics using SEM-PLS (structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square) on the research variables, instrument test, normality test, hypothesis test, as well as discussion of the hypothesis test results and path analysis Path. This research uses path analysis to test relationship patterns that reveal the influence of variables or a set of variables against other variables, both direct influences and indirect influences. Calculation of line coefficient in this study assisted with Smart PLS Ver 3.0. To find out the direct and indirect influences between variables then be seen from the calculation result of the line coefficient and to know the significance. The effect of the X3 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.005 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X3 against X4 is significant. The effect of the variable X3 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.008 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the influence between X3 to Y is significant. The effect of X4 to Y variables has a P-Values value of 0.010 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X4 to Y is significant. The effect of the X1 variable against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.006 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 against X4 is significant. The effect of a X1 variable against Y has a P-Values value of 0.034 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect between X1 to Y is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against X4 has a P-Values value of 0.001 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of X2 against X4 is significant. The effect of a variable X2 against Y has a P-Values value of 0.008 < 0.05, so it can be stated that the effect of the X2 against Y is significant.