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Balai Besar penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian (BBSDLP) Jln. Tentara Pelajar no 12, kampus Penelitian Pertanian Cimanggu, Ciwaringin, Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat 16114
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INDONESIA
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Jurnal ini memuat artikel tinjauan (review) mengenai hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah diterbitkan, dikaitkan dengan teori, evaluasi hasil penelitian lain, dengan atau mengenai kebijakan. Ruang lingkup artikel tinjauan ini meliputi bidang: tanah, air, iklim, lingkungan pertanian, perpupukan dan sosial ekonomi sumberdaya lahan.
Articles 173 Documents
CAPTURING THE BENEFIT OF GROUNDWATER FOR WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABILITY REJEKININGRUM, POPI
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (311.937 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v3n02.2009.%p

Abstract

Groundwater is the water contained in soil or rock layer below the surface. Ground water is one of the limited water resources and the damage can give a broad impact, whereas its recovery is difficult. In addition to river water and rain water, ground water also has a very important role, especially in maintaining the balance and availability of raw water for domestic or industrial purposes. In some areas, dependency on fresh water and ground water supplies has reached ± 70%. Lack of understanding on groundwater condition that occurred in the community, arises problems that become the lost and threaten to life sustainability of the community itself. It is necessary for planning the utilization of groundwater that environmentally oriented based on the stage that includes an inventory of potential groundwater, utilization planning, licensing, monitoring and controlling, and conservation of groundwater. Inventoring of potential groundwater utilization planning, licensing, monitoring and controlling should be based on existing procedures so that utilization can be optimized without causing negative impacts.
PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS PADI SAWAH TADAH HUJAN MELALUI PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI ADAPTIF DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM Wihardjaka, Anicetus; Pramono, Ali; Sutriadi, Mas Teddy
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 14, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (639.341 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v14n1.2020.25-36

Abstract

Abstrak. Optimalisasi lahan sawah tadah hujan memberikan kontribusi terhadap ketersediaan pangan nasional yang sebagian besar masih dipasok dari lahan optimal sawah beririgasi. Lahan suboptimal sawah tadah hujan berpotensi dalam mendukung ketersediaan pangan nasional. Lahan sawah tadah hujan sangat rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim terutama cekaman kekeringan dan serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman. Antisipasi dampak perubahan iklim di lahan sawah tadah hujan dilakukan dengan penerapan teknologi adaptif dan sekaligus sebagai upaya mirigasi gas rumah kaca. Beberapa teknologi adaptif yang berpotensi meningkatkan produktivitas padi sawah tadah hujan adalah penggunaan varietas unggul baru, penentuan waktu tanam dengan kalender tanam, pengelolaan sumberdaya air dengan teknologi embung, pengendalian OPT terpadu dan pengelolaan lahan. Teknologi mitigasi seperti pengairan berselang, penggunaan varietas rendah emisi, penggunaan bahan amelioran, pemupukan secara berimbang, dan integrasi tanaman padi ? ternak efektif menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca di lahan sawah tadah hujan. Integrasi tanaman pangan-ternak bebas limbah merupakan salah satu upaya mensinergiskan aksi adaptasi dan aksi mitigas terhadap perubahan iklim di ekosistem lahan sawah tadah hujan. Abstract. Optimization of rainfed lowland rice contributes on national food availability which is still generally supplied from irrigated lowland rice. The sub-optimal rainfed lowland is quite susceptible to climate change impacts, especially drought stress and incidence of pests and diseases. Anticipating climate change impacts in rainfed lowland are approached by applying adaptive technology as well as greenhouse gase mitigation. Some adaptive technologies which potentially increase rainfed rice productivity are new superior varieties, cropping calendar for determining planting time, water resources management with small water reservoir, and integrated pests and diseases control. Some mitigation technologies such as intermittent irrigation, high yielding varieties with low emissions, ameliorant materials use, balanced fertilization, and integrated food crop-livestock reduce effectively greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed lowland rice areas. Integrated food crops-livestock with zero waste systems is one of synergic efforts between adaptation and mitigation actions on climate change impacts in ecosystems of rainfed lowland rice.
TEKNOLOGI NANO UNTUK PERTANIAN: APLIKASI HIDROGEL UNTUK EFISIENSI IRIGASI Hari Adi, Setyono
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 6, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (353.394 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v6n1.2012.%p

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Hidrofilik gel atau hidrogel adalah jaringan makromolekul yang dapat menyerap dan melepaskan air tergantung pada rangsangan eksternal, seperti pH, kelembaban, suhu, dan tekanan lingkungan sekitarnya. Tergantung pada pemilihan material dan teknik sintesisnya, hidrogel termasuk ke dalam produk teknologi nano dengan ukuran rongga permukaan antara 50-200 nm (SEM) dan luas permukaan ~300 m2/gram (BET). Aplikasi hidrogel di bidang pertanian telah terbukti mampu meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air, yang juga mampu menurunkan erosi. Dalam makalah ini, teknologi yang berhubungan dengan proses produksi hidrogel, seperti jenis material, aplikasi secara umum, metode sintesis, pengujian dan karakterisasi, akan ditinjau dengan pertimbangan penggunaan material yang memiliki biokompatibilitas terhadap lingkungan dan teknik sintesis dan pengujian yang sederhana dan ramah lingkungan.ABSTRACT. Hydrophilic gels or hydrogels is a macromolecular network which is able to reversibly absorb and release water, depending on the external stimuli such as: pH, temperature, humidity, and pressure of its application medium. Depending on the based material and the synthesize technique, hydrogel can be a nano product with the structural cavity size is in between 50-200 nm (SEM) and surface area of ~300 m2/gram (BET). Application of hydrogel for agriculture has been proven to increase water use efficiency, and decrease erosion dramatically. In this paper, technology related to production process of hydrogel, such as the based materials, potential application in general, the synthesize, testing and characterization methods will be reviewed, in which low cost technique and biocompatibility are to be considered. 
DEGRADASI LAHAN DI INDONESIA: KONDISI EXISTING, KARAKTERISTIK, DAN PENYERAGAMAN DEFINISI MENDUKUNG GERAKAN MENUJU SATU PETA Wahyunto, Wahyunto; Dariah, Ai
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 8, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (778.414 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v8n2.2014.%p

Abstract

Abstrak. Degradasi lahan adalah proses penurunan produktivitas lahan, baik yang sifatnya sementara maupun tetap. Lahan terdegradasi dalam definisi lain sering disebut lahan tidak produktif, lahan kritis, atau lahan tidur yang dibiarkan terlantar tidak digarap dan umumnya ditumbuhi semak belukar. Lahan yang telah terdegradasi berat dan menjadi lahan kritis luasnya sekitar 48,3 juta ha atau 25,1% dari luas wilayah Indonesia. Untuk lahan gambut dari sekitar 14,9 juta ha lahan gambut di Indonesia, ± 3,74 juta ha atau 25,1 % dari total luas gambut telah terdegradasi dan ditumbuhi semak belukar. Proses degradasi lahan dimulai dengan tidak terkontrolnya konversi hutan, dan usaha pertambangan kemudian diikuti dengan penggunaan lahan yang tidak sesuai dengan potensi dan pengelolaan lahan yang kurang tepat. Lahan terdegradasi baik di tanah mineral maupun gambut ini menjadi sumber emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) karena rentan terhadap kebakaran di musim kemarau panjang. Sesuai Perpres No. 61 tahun 2011 dan himbauan dari Kelompok Bank Dunia, bahwa ?rehabilitasi lahan terdegradasi/terlantar harus memprioritaskan investasi pada sektor pertanian dan perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk produksi pertanian/perkebunan yang berkelanjutan?, hal tersebut perlu direalisasikan secara nasional. Dalam inisiatif ?Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus? (REDD+), lahan terdegradasi juga menjadi isu utama yang ditangani. Namun hingga saat ini, Indonesia belum memiliki definisi, metodologi pemetaan, dan kebijakan pengelolaan lahan terdegradasi yang terintegrasi. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kebijakan yang didasarkan pada kesepahaman tentang lahan terdegradasi yang memuat aspek definisi dan karakteristiknya, dari berbagai sektor Kementerian/Lembaga (K/L) yang berkaitan dengan degradasi lahan. Penyeragaman melalui gerakan menuju satu peta (ONE MAP POLICY movement) yaitu satu referensi, satu database, satu prosedur/protokol, satu geoportal) menjadi kebutuhan mutlak.Abstract. Land degradation is the decline in land productivity, either temporary or permanent. Due to further degradation process, will become unproductive land and it is called as critical land. Existing strong degraded land and become critical land area around of 48.3 million ha or25.1% of the total area of Indonesia. Indonesian peatland for about of 14.9 million ha, and as amounts of 3.74 million ha or 25.1% of the total area have been degraded and covered by shurbs and bushes. Degraded land as an impact of uncontrolled forest conversion and mining, followed by incompatible land use and un-appropriate land management. Degraded land (both on mineral soil and peatsoil) is a source of green house gas emissions (GHG) as susceptible to fires in the long dry season period. As per Presidential Decree No. 61 in 2011 and the appeal of the World Bank Group, that for the "rehabilitation of degraded lands/abandoned land should prioritize investment for sustainable agriculture and oil palm plantations and needs to be realized nationally. In the initiative "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus" (REDD +), degraded land is also a major issue to be addressed. But until now, Indonesia does not have a definition, mapping methodology, and policy of integrated management on degraded lands. National Development Policy needs to be based on an understanding of the degraded land as outlined in the definition and its characteristics, from various sectors. Standardized on degraded land through ONE MAP policy movement (one reference, one database, one procedure/protocol, the geoportal) becomes an absolute necessity.
ECOHYDROLOGY TOWARDS INTEGRATIVE ECOSYSTEM MODELING: A REVIEW Adi, Setyono Hari
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 11, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (456.266 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v11n2.2017.67-76

Abstract

Keterkaitan antara air dan ekosistem sudah dikenal sejak lama, akan tetapi konsep ekohidrologi baru saja diperkenalkan sejak tiga dekade yang lalu. Konsep ini memperluas tema penelitian di bidang hidrologi dengan mengintegrasikan parameter ekologi ke dalam proses pemodelannya. Artikel ini ditulis untuk mengidentifikasi tren penelitian di bidang hidrologi selama satu dekade terakhir (2004-2015), dengan tujuan utama untuk mencari kesenjangan antara penelitian hidrologi dan ekologi ke arah pemodelan ekosistem yang terintegrasi. Data dari artikel-artikel bersitasi tinggi di tiga jurnal publikasi internasional di bidang sumber daya air menunjukkan bahwa hanya 10% dari total artikel yang direview mengintegrasikan parameter ekologi secara kuantitatif. Rendahnya persentase integrasi ekologi dalam penelitian di bidang sumber daya air disebabkan oleh tiga kesenjangan ilmiah, meliputi: (1) kesenjangan isu, dimana isu sumber daya air diperlakukan sebagai variabel empiris utama; (2) kesenjangan model, dimana air merupakan satu-satunya parameter yang dipertimbangkan dalam pemodelan; dan (3) kesenjangan data, yang terfokus pada permasalahan ketersediaan data ekologi untuk analisis. Tiga rekomendasi terkait dengan kesenjangan ilmiah ini meliputi: (1) memperkuat konsep ekohidrologi dengan memandang air adalah bagian tidak terpisahkan dari ekosistem bumi yang saling terkait, (2) mendorong integrasi parameter ekologi ke dalam pemodelan hidrologi, dan (3) pengembangan teknik peningkatan skala (resolusi) data yang terintegrasi dengan analisis ketidaktentuan.
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CLIMATE DATABASE SYSTEM FOR SUPPORTING AGRICULTURE RESEARCH RUNTUNUWU, ELEONORA
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 4, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v4n01.2010.%p

Abstract

One of the most significant challenges for improving the agroclimate research is availability of integrated climate data. This paper reviewed several climate database systems development of national and international levels; such as those produced by Indonesian Meteorological Climatological  and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and New Zealand climatic database systems. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) through Indonesian Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institute (IAHRI) has  developed a national climate database system (CDS), called as IAHRI CDS, as a basic part of agroclimatic researches. The system was integrated the numeric climate data and thematic spatial maps by applying Geographic Information System (GIS) and programming technologies. The data mainly comes from automated and manual climate stations of Ministry of Agriculture, BMKG and Irrigation service of each province. The development of IAHRI CDS is expected as a great resource for many potential applications on agriculture research in Indonesia. Keywords : Aagriculture, climate, database system, Indonesia
DISEMINASI TEKNOLOGI KONSERVASI TANAH BERBASIS WEB UNTUK PERENCANAAN IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM USAHATANI KONSERVASI DI LAHAN KERING MENDUKUNG PERTANIAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN Marwanto, Setiari; Jamil, Ali; Irawan, Irawan
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 7, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1092.385 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v7n2.2013.%p

Abstract

Abstrak. Pengelolaan lahan kering secara berkelanjutan memiliki peran sangat strategis dalam mendukung swasembada pangan di Indonesia. Lemahnya implementasi teknologi konservasi tanah di lapangan menjadi salah satu kendala dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan produktivitas lahan kering. Tanpa tindakan konservasi tanah, lahan kering akan rentan terhadap erosi yang mengakibatkan degradasi lahan. Berbagai cara dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut, diantaranya melalui kegiatan diseminasi yang efektif dan terus-menerus mengenai teknologi konservasi tanah sehingga kegiatan pertanian yang dilakukan dapat bersifat ramah lingkungan. Pengemasan alat diseminasi yang menarik dan mudah dicerna akan menentukan keberhasilannya. Sistem pengambilan keputusan (decision support system) diperlukan oleh pelaku pertanian untuk melakukan penilaian potensi erosi dan pemilihan teknik konservasi tanah yang tepat secara mandiri. Sistem ini telah dibuat oleh Balai Penelitian Tanah pada tahun 2007 dan diberi nama program SPLaSH (Sistem Pengelolaan Lahan Sesuai Harkat) tetapi masih memiliki kelemahan dalam proses diseminasinya karena masih berbasis komputer tunggal (desktop). Oleh karena itu, pemanfaatan teknologi internet dan web sebagai basis bagi sistem pengambilan keputusan menjadi pilihan terbaik saat ini. Data spasial tersedia yang memiliki atribut lengkap akan memberikan kemudahan aplikasinya. Perbedaan skala menyebabkan fasilitas perubahan tetap diperlukan agar pelaku pertanian dapat mengisi variabel data sehingga lebih sesuai dengan kondisi lahan sebenarnya. Dukungan basis data yang kuat serta akses jaringan internet yang luas dan handal akan menentukan keberhasilan proses diseminasi selanjutnya. Sistem pengambilan keputusan berbasis web yang diberi nama ?Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Lahan? ini diharapkan dapat mempermudah pelaku pertanian untuk mengakses informasi teknologi konservasi tanah yang tepat secara spesifik lokasi agar produktivitas lahan meningkat sekaligus menjaga keberlanjutannya.Abstract. Sustainability of upland management has a very strategic role in supporting food-self sufficiency in Indonesia. Weak implementation of soil conservation technology in the field is one of constraint factors in maintaining and increasing the productivity of upland. Without soil conservation measures, upland soil would be vulnerable to soil erosion which leads to land degradation. There are many ways to overcome these constraint including effective and continuously dissemination of soil conservation technologies to support environmentally friendly agriculture. Interesting and user friendly dissemination package will determine its success. Decision support system is needed by agricultural stakeholders and smallholders to assess the potential of their land to soil erosion and the selection of appropriate soil conservation techniques. This system has been created by Indonesian Soil Research Institute in 2007 and named as SPLaSH (Sistem Pengelolaan Lahan Sesuai Harkat). The program has a weakness in dissemination effort because it is still based on single computer personal unit (desktop). Therefore, the use of internet and web technologies as a basis for decision-making system are the best choice at this time. Spatial data availability with full attributes will provide ease of its application. However, the differences in scale by alteration on this default values still needed, so that users can fill data that are better suited to the actual conditions of their agricultural land. Database support system and broader reliable internet access will determine the future of success of dissemination. It is expected that within this web-based decision support system stakeholders and smallholders can easily access the information on the appropriate soil conservation technologies in specific sites in order to increase land productivity as well as maintaining land sustainability.
TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN TANAMAN PANGAN DALAM BERADAPTASI TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIM PADA LAHAN SAWAH Widiarta, I Nyoman
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 10, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (375.981 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v10n2.2016.%p

Abstract

Abstrak. Produksi tanaman pangan khususnya padi, jagung dan kedelai di Indonesia dituntut terus untuk ditingkatkan dalam kondisi pengaruh negatif perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim mempengaruhi produktvitas, luas areal tanam dan panen tanaman pangan. Kenaikan suhu udara, perubahan pola dan jumlah curah hujan, kenaikan salinitas air tanah, menurunkan produktivitas tanaman. Meningkatnya frekuensi dan intensitas iklim ekstrem (banjir, kekeringan dan angin kencang), ledakan hama/penyakit dan meningkatnya muka air laut mempengaruhi pola tanam, indeks panen, mengurangi luas areal panen dan luas kawasan pertanian. Sejalan dengan Rencana Aksi Nasional Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim (RAN-API) Indonesia telah mengembangkan teknologi: (1) Varietas tanaman yang toleran terhadap cekaman abiotik, (2) Teknologi budidaya tanaman, (3) Teknologi irigasi berselang, dan (4) Teknologi untuk menciptakan kondisi lingkungan yang kondusif untuk pertumbuhan tanaman. Varietas adaptif perubahan iklim dikemas dengan teknologi budidaya spesifik lokasi dalam suatu paket Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu dan teknologi ?Jajar legowo super?. Untuk padi telah dikembangkan Kalender Tanam Terpadu yang dapat diakses melalui laman (web), short message service (SMS), dan aplikasi Android, sebagai salah satu alat untuk merakit komponen teknologi spesifik lokasi. Selain itu tersedia dikembangkan Layanan Konsultasi Padi yang dapat diakses melalui internet.Abstract. Crop production, especially of rice, corn and soybeans in Indonesia must be continually increased to cope with the negative effects of climate change. Climate change affects crop productivity, planting and harvested areas. The increase in air temperature, changes in rainfall patterns and amount, increase in groundwater salinity, lead to the decrease of crop productivity. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme climate (floods, drought and strong winds), pest and diseases infestation and rising sea levels affect the cropping pattern and harvest index, and reduce harvested area. In line with the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (RAN-API), Indonesia has developed adaptive technologies of (1) Improved plant varieties tolerant to abiotic stresses, (2) Crop cultivation, (3) Intermittent irrigation technology, and (4) Technology to create a conducive environment for plant growth. Climate change adaptive varieties paired with site-specific farming technologies has been developed into packages of Integrated Crop Management and "jajar legowo super" system. For rice, Integrated Cropping Calendar which can be accessed via the home page (web), short message service (SMS), and Android applications has been developed, as one of the tools to assemble components technologies. Rice Consulting Services has also been available and can be accessed via the internet. 
RED SOILS FROM VARIOUS PARENT MATERIALS IN INDONESIA: THE PROSPECT AND THEIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC PRASETYO, B.H
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (200.764 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v3n01.2009.%p

Abstract

Distribution of red soils is about 50 million hectares, and generally potential for agricultural development in Indonesia. The soil was formed from various parent materials, such as andesitic-basaltic rock, acid tuff, limestone, ultra mafic rock, clay stone and sand stone. Generally the red soils were very developed soils, so that the sand mineralogy was dominated by minerals thatresistent to weathering such as quartz and opaque. The clay mineral was dominated by variable charge minerals which depends on pH like kaolinite followed by gibbsite, goethite, and hematite. These soils have very acid to slightly alkaline reaction, low exchangeable bases, low to high cation exchange capacity, and positive correlation to organic-C in the soil. The red soils according to Soil Taxonomy system could be classified as Inceptisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, and Oxisols. Characterization of the red soils areneeded before they are utilized for agriculture.
HARNESSING NUTRIENTS FROM SEAWATER FOR PLANT REQUIRMENT YUFDY, M PRAMA
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 2, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (162.481 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v2n02.2008.%p

Abstract

Numerous research findings have informed that nutrients for plant requirement can be explored from seawater. Apart of its high salinity, seawater contain high amount of cations. Efforts have been done to produce K fertilizer from seawater. In some countries, seawater based agriculture has also developed. Though, sodium concentration is very high in seawater, it is known as a beneficial nutrient to plant, and in some cases it can replace part of K function. Numerous research findings have shown that Na is essential for non-halophyte crops such as rice and tomato. Sodium is also essential for many crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species. Since pineapple is classified as CAM species, it has proven in a study indicated that some of K requirement can be substituted by Na from seawater when it was applied in diluted solution. Thirty percent of K fertilizer substitution by Na from seawater plus 70% K from KCl for pineapple can play the role of 100% K (300 kg/ha) for production of fruit fresh weight, without having any negative effects on the soil and plant. To make seawater worth pursuing for nutrients source, it needs to identify the potential crops that tolerant to salinity and the potential crops that require Na as nutrient as well as to partially substitute K. The opportunity is very high in Indonesia since the country has very large agricultural areas located close to the sea.

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