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INDONESIA
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim
Published by Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya lahan Pertanian
ISSN : 14107244     EISSN : 27227723     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jti.v44n1.2020.19-29
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Jurnal TANAH dan IKLIM memuat hasil-hasil penelitian bidang tanah dan iklim dari para peneliti baik dari dalam maupun dari luar Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Jurnal ini juga dapat memuat informasi singkat yang berisi tulisan mengenai teknik dan peralatan baru ataupun hasil sementara penelitian tanah dan iklim.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 257 Documents
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Tanah-tanah Dari Batuan Ultrabasik di Sulawesi: Kandungan Logam Berat dan Arahan Pengelolaan untuk Pertanian Erna Suryani; Sofyan Ritung
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 42, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v42n2.2018.111-124

Abstract

Abstrak.  Pemetaan tanah semidetail skala 1:50.000 mengidentifikasi sekurangnya 1.628.485 ha lahan di Sulawesi tanahnya berkembang dari batuan ultrabasik. Permasalahannya adalah tanah-tanah mengandung nikel (Ni) dan kromium (Cr) serta logam berat lainnya dalam konsentrasi tinggi. Kondisi ini dapat meracuni tanaman, yang pada akhirnya membahayakan kesehatan hewan dan manusia. Oleh karena itu sangat penting mengetahui kadar logam berat, terlebih potensi toksiknya terhadap tanaman, dan memberikan arahan pengelolaan untuk pertanian. Sebanyak enam profil terpilih yang berasal dari  Kolaka (Sulawesi Tenggara), Luwu Timur (Sulawesi Selatan) dan Morowali (Sulawesi Tengah) telah dideskripsi, dan 29 contoh tanah yang berasal dari 6 profil (HK-16, UY-16, SL-34, SL-09, RM-07 dan YY-09) telah dianalisis kandungan logam berat, mineralogi (komposisi mineral pasir dan liat), dan sifat kimia tanahnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tanah yang berkembang dari batuan ultrabasik (peridotit dan serpentinit) telah mengalami pelapukan lanjut, ditunjukkan oleh warna tanah merah gelap/maron (hue 2.5YR -10R); mineral pasir didominasi oleh mineral resisten (opak, kuarsa, garnet, enstatit dan khlorit); mineral liat didominasi kaolinit dan goetit ditunjukkan pada puncak difraksi 7.3oA dan 4.15-4.16oA. Kesuburan tanah rendah sampai sangat rendah dicirikan oleh kandungan bahan organik, kadar P2O5 dan K2O potensial dan P-tersedia yang umumnya rendah sampai sangat rendah. Basa-basa dapat ditukar rendah, kecuali Mg2+. KTK-tanah dan KTK-liat rendah (< 16 cmol(+)/kg) sampai sangat rendah (< 5 cmol(+)kg-1). KTK-efektif (∑basa+Al-dd) > 1,5 cmol(+)/kg, kecuali profil YY-09 dan SL-34 mempunyai KTK efektif < 1,5 cmol(+)kg-1 mencirikan sifat acric. Konsentrasi Ni dan Cr sangat tinggi melebihi ambang batas yang ditetapkan (70 ppm untukNi dan 600-1000 ppm untuk Cr), masing-masing 670-1508 ppm dan 1230-1829 ppm.Konsentrasi boron (B) dan mangan (Mn) juga sangat tinggi, terutama pada profil SL-09. pH tanah 3,9-7,0 dan muatan koloid yang umumnya negatif, menyebabkan kelarutan Si lebih tinggi dari Cr, akibatnya kation-kation Ni terikat kuat pada permukaan partikel tanah, sehingga lebih mudah terserap dan dapat meracuni tanaman. Oleh karena itu saran pengelolaan tanah untuk menekan kelarutan Si adalah: 1) pemberian bahan organik, 2) pemberan kapur pertanian dalam bentuk CaCO3), dan 3) penanaman tanaman yang tidak dikonsumsi langsung, misal tanaman kehutanan.Abstract. Semidetail soil mapping on a scale of 1:50,000 identifies at least 1,628,485 ha of soil in Sulawesi developed from ultrabasic rocks. The problem is the soils contain high concentrations of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and other heavy metals, lead to toxic conditions for plants, and finally endangers animal and human health. Therefore it is very important to know the levels of heavy metals, especially their toxic potential for plants, and provide proper management direction for agriculture. Six selected profiles from Kolaka (Southeast Sulawesi), East Luwu (South Sulawesi) and Morowali (Central Sulawesi) have been described, and 29 soil samples from 6 profiles (HK-16, UY-16, SL-34, SL-09, RM-07 and YY-09) have analyzed for the content of heavy metals, mineralogy (mineral composition of sand and clay), and the chemical properties of the soil. The results showed that the soil developed from ultrabasic rocks (peridotite and serpentinite) had undergone further weathering, indicated by dark red/maroon (hue 2.5YR -10R). Sand minerals are dominated by resistant minerals (opaque, quartz, garnet, enstatite and chlorite); clay minerals dominated by kaolinite and goethite are shown in 7.3oA diffraction peaks and 4.15-4.16oA. Low to very low soil fertility is characterized by organic matter content, potential P2O5 and K2O and P-available levels which are generally low to very low. Exchangeable bases are low, except Mg++. Soil-CEC and clay-CEC are low (<16 cmol (+)/kg) to very low (<5 cmol (+) kg-1). Effective CEC (sum of  base + exchangeable-Al)> 1.5 cmol (+)/kg, except the YY-09 and SL-34 profiles characterizing the acric properties which have effective-CEC <1.5 cmol (+)kg-1. Very high Ni and Cr concentrations exceeded the safety threshold (70 ppm for Ni and 600-1000 ppm for Cr), 670-1508 ppm and 1230-1829 ppm respectively. The concentration of boron (B) and manganese (Mn) is also very high , especially on the SL-09 profile. Soil pH is 3.9-7.0 and colloidal charges are generally negative, causing Si solubility to be higher than Cr, as a result Ni cations are strongly bound to the surface of soil particles, making them more easily absorbed and poison plants. Therefore, suggestions for soil management to suppress Si solubility are: 1) giving organic matter, 2) planting agricultural lime in the form of CaCO3), and 3) planting crops that are not consumed directly, e.g. forestry crops.
Peningkatan Hasil Kelapa Sawit Rakyat di Lahan Gambut dengan Ameliorasi dan Pemupukan Nurhayati Nurhayati; Eni Maftuah; Nurwakhid Nurwakhid; M Noor; Masganti Masganti; Vicca K; Yiyi Sulaeman; M Giri Wibisono; Ahmad Nirwan; Sri Nuryani Hidayah Utami
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 46, No 1 (2022): Akan Terbit Resmi pada Juli 2022
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v46n1.2022.37-45

Abstract

Pengembangan kelapa sawit rakyat di lahan gambut terus meningkat terutama adanya program peremajaan kelapa sawit. Namun umumnya produktivitas kelapa sawit rakyat di lahan gambut masih sangat rendah akibat kondisi biofisik lahan yang tidak mendukung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki sifat tanah dan hasil kelapa sawit rakyat di lahan gambut melalui ameliorasi dan pemupukan yang tepat. Penelitian dilakukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat di Lubuk Ogung, kecamatan Bandar Sei Kijang, Kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau pada bulan Februari sampai Desember 2021. Penelitan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial dengan perlakuan Faktor I: ameliorant, yaitu: (1) kapur, (2) kapur+ abu tankos sawit (3) kapur+biochar tankos sawit,  Faktor II. Pemupukan NPK (1) NPK dosis rekomendasi umum/standar, (2) NPK dosis rekomendasi introduksi (status hara), dan (3) Cara Petani.  Pengamatan sifat tanah  lengkap awal dilakukan selanjutnya dilakukan pengamatan P tersedia dan K-dd yang diamati setelah 3 dan 6 bulan aplikasi. Pengamatan produksi kelapa sawit meliputi jumlah pohon kelapa sawit yang dipanen, jumlah rata-rata TBS per bulan, dan produktivitas dinyatakan dalam ton/ ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di lokasi penelitian kesuburan tanah sangat rendah (nilai pH sangat masam, P tersedia sangat rendah, dan basa-basa rendah). Amelioran A2 yaitu 5t/ha kapur+ 5 t/ha abu tankos sawit memberikan pengaruh lebih baik dibandingkan A1 dan A3 terhadap P tersedia dan K-dd. Pada pengamatan tahun pertama, pemupukan lebih mempengaruhi produksi kelapa sawit dibandingkan ameliorasi. Ameliorasi dengan menggunakan 100% kapur (A1) memberikan hasil kelapa sawit tertinggi namun tidak berbeda nyata dengan A2. Pemupukan berdasarkan rekomendasi spesifik lokasi memperbaiki sifat tanah, meningkatkan hasil kelapa sawit rakyat (TM-13) secara nyata dari 14,12 ton TBS/ha/tahun menjadi 22,67 t TBS/ha/tahun.
P Extraction Method and Fertilizer Requirement of Soybean on Typic Kandiudox in Papanrejo, Lampung DEDI NURSYAMSI; M.T SUTRIADI; UNDANG KURNIA
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 22 (2004): Desember 2004
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n22.2004.%p

Abstract

Field experiment to select extraction method, determine nutrient availability class, and estimate P fertilizer recommendation for soybean on Typic Kandiudox was conducted in Papanrejo, Lampung. The experiment applied single location approach with two steps of activities. The first step conducted in dry season 2002 was to make artificial soil P status by adding P: 0X (very low), 1/4X (low), 1/2X (medium), 3/4X (high), and X (very high status), where X was amount of P required to attain 0,2 μg P l-1 in soil solution. The second step, conducted in the following season (wet season 2002/2003), was P treatment in each artificial soil P status by using P fertilizer: 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg P ha-1 from SP-36 with 3 replicates. The result showed that Mehlich, Olsen, Truogh, Bray 1, and Bray 2 could be used to estimate P fertilizer requirement for soybean on Typic Kandiudox. Among the extractions, Bray 1 was the best. The levels of soil P availability extracted using Bray 1 were classified into: low (<8 ppm P205), medium (8–20 ppm P205), and high (>20 ppm P2O5), while soil P availability extracted using Bray 2 were <12, 12–36, and >36 ppm P2O5 for low, medium, and high classes, respectively. P fertilizer recommendation for soybean on Typic Kandiudox with low, medium, and high soil P availability classes was 58, 45, and 16 kg P ha-1 or equal to 355, 279, and 97 kg SP-36 ha-1, respectively.
Effect of Application of Rock Phosphate on Soil P Adsorption and Fractionation at Dystrudepts of Cibatok, Bogor Dedi NURSYAMSI; L. ANGGRIA; . NURJAYA
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 34 (2011): Desember 2011
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n34.2011.1-12

Abstract

Phosphorous fertilization in both lowland and upland is an activity that must be done to increase agricultural production in Indonesia. Farmers typically use an acidulated rock phosphate, such as: TSP, SP-36, or SP-18 where its effectiveness varies depending on the type of soil and cultivated crops. Rock phosphate fertilizers have a high prospect to be used directly inacid upland soils because of its effectiveness equals the acidulated rock phosphate but the price is cheaper. Laboratory experiments aimed at studying the effect of the rock phosphate application on soil P adsorption and fractionation as well as determining the critical level of soil P for maize P-12 variety growth have been carried out using soil samples taken from rock phosphate fertilization experiment in the field, at volcanic Dystrudepts soil in Cibatok, Bogor. Analysis for soil P adsorption Fox and Kamprath (1970) methods were used, while its fractionation used modified Sekiya (1983) methods. The results showed that the use of rock phosphate increased soil soluble P therefore its availability for plant growth increased too. Beside that, it increased all soil P forms as well as soil HCl-P and Bray I-P significantly. P forms in tested soil from high to low were the residual-P > organic-P > Fe-P > Al-P > Ca-P in which the form of residual-P, Fe-P, and total-P played an important role in controlling the availability of soil P. Critical level of soil Fe-P, residual-P, and total-P for maize P-12 variety growth in the soil were 320, 510, and 1,250 mg P2O5 kg-1 respectively.
Properties and Management Implications of Soils Developed from Volcanic Ash in North Sulawesi Edi Yatno; Hikmatullah Hikmatullah; Muhammad Syakir
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 40, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v40n1.2016.1-10

Abstract

Abstract. Soils formed from volcanic ash have unique properties and are among the most productive soils for agricultural use worldwide. The purpose of this study was to characterize mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties of volcanic ash soils. Four soil profiles developed from volcanic ash in North Sulawesi were described, sampled, and analyzed for their mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties. Results revealed that sand mineral composition was dominated by opaque, volcanic glass, labradorite, augite, and hypersthene followed by hornblende and olivine, whereas clay minerals were dominated by allophane and hydrated-halloysite. The mineral composition indicated that the soils were developed from andesitic to basaltic volcanic materials. Soil morphological characteristics were dark colors, weak to moderate sub-angular blocky structure, and friable to very friable consistency. The soils showed coarse to medium texture with sand content of > 40%. The bulk density ranged from 0.79 to 1.19 g cm-3 and water retention at 1,500 kPa were generally low to medium (6.3-18.5%). The soil reaction in the upper horizons was acid to slightly acid and pHH2O and pHNaF values ranged from 4.8-6.5 and 9.1 to 12.3, respectively. The soil organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity were low to high, while base saturation was moderate to high. Two soil profiles (P1 and P3) met the criteria of andic properties and are classified as Andisols. However, the other two profiles (P4 and P2) just met the criteria for vitrandic soil properties at subgroup level of Inceptisols and Entisols. All the studied soils are highly potential for agricultural production. However, some soils exhibit low organic carbon content and high P retention. Therefore, land management should be directed for increasing organic matter content and availability of P nutrient.Abstrak. Tanah yang terbentuk dari abu vulkan memiliki sifat-sifat khas dan merupakan salah satu tanah cukup produktif bagi pengembangan pertanian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat mineralogi, fisika, dan kimia tanah-tanah yang terbentuk dari abu vulkan. Empat profil tanah terbentuk dari abu vulkan di Sulawesi Utara telah diambil contoh tanahnya dan dianalisis sifat-sifat mineralogi, fisika, dan kimianya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi mineral fraksi pasir didominasi oleh opak, gelas vulkanik, labradorit, augit, hiperstin, hornblende, dan olivin, sedangkan mineral liat didominasi oleh alofan dan haloisit hidrat. Komposisi mineral tersebut menunjukkan bahwa tanah-tanah yang diteliti berkembang dari bahan vulkan andesitik hingga basaltik. Karakteristik morfologi tanah dicirikan oleh warna gelap, struktur gumpal agak bersudut dengan tingkat perkembangan lemah hingga sedang, dan konsistensi gembur hingga sangat gembur. Tekstur tanah sedang hingga kasar dengan kandungan pasir > 40%. Bobot isi tanah berkisar antara 0,79-1,19 g cm-3 dan retensi air pada 1.500 kPa umumnya rendah hingga sedang (6,3-18,5%). Reaksi tanah pada horison atas masam hingga agak masam dengan nilai pHH2O dan pHNaF masing-masing berkisar antara 4,8-6,5 dan 9,1-12,3. Kandungan karbon organik dan kapasitas tukar kation rendah hingga tinggi, sedangkan kejenuhan basa sedang hingga tinggi. Dua profil tanah (P1 dan P3) memenuhi kriteria sifat tanah andik dan diklasifikasikan sebagai Andisols. Sedangkan dua profil tanah lainnya (P4 dan P2) hanya memenuhi kriteria sifat tanah vitrandik pada tingkat subgrup Inceptisols dan Entisols. Semua tanah yang diteliti berpotensi tinggi untuk produksi pertanian. Akan tetapi, beberapa tanah mengandung bahan organik rendah dan mempunyai retensi P tinggi. Oleh karena itu, pengelolaan lahan perlu diarahkan pada peningkatan kadar bahan organik dan ketersediaan hara P. 
Soil P Availability in Neutral and Alkaline Soils DEDI NURSYAMSI; D. SETYORINI
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 30 (2009): Desember 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n30.2009.%p

Abstract

The availability of soil P for plant growth depends on equilibrium reaction between several P forms in the soils, such as soil soluble, labile, non-labile, as well as organic P. The research that aimed to study soil P availability, form, and sorption, as well as soil properties that affect on P availability in neutral and alkaline soils was conducted in Soil Testing Laboratory, Indonesian Soil Research Institute using 91 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) which have pH neutral-alkaline taken from Java. The samplesconsisted of Inceptisols (13 samples), Vertisols (47 samples), and Alfisols (31 samples). Soil properties analyzed were soil pH H2O (1:5), clay content (pipette), organic-C (Kjeldahl), exch. Ca and Mg (NH4OAc 1 N pH=7), exch. Al (KCl 1 N), and P (HCl 25%, Olsen, and Bray I). Soil P fractionation and sorption were determined using Kuo (1996) and Fox and Kamprath (1970) procedures respectively. The result showed that according to HCl 25%, Olsen, and Bray I extractions, the availability of soil P among the soils was in order of Inceptisols > Vertisols > Alfisols. Whereas the soil P forms in tested soils was in order of residual-P > Ca-P > (Fe+Al)-P > organic-P. Buffering capacity, maximum sorption, as well as bonding energy constant of soil P was in order of Inceptisols > Vertisols > Alfisols. Furthermore, soil properties that effected significantly on the variables of soil P availability were soil clay content, organic-C, and exch. Mg in Inceptisols; clay content and organic-C in Vertisols; as well aspH, clay content, and exch. Ca in Alfisols.
Pengaruh Ameliorasi Tanah Rawa Pasang Surut untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Padi Sawah dan Kandungan Besi dalam Beras Subowo Subowo; N. Putu Sri Ratimi; Purnamayani Purnamayani; Yustisia Yustisia
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 37, No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v37n1.2013.19-24

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays, L.) response on Fertilization of Russian MOP in Inceptisols and Ultisols DEDI NURSYAMSI; . HUSNAIN; ANTONIUS KASNO; DIAH SETYORINI
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 23 (2005): Desember 2005
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n23.2005.%p

Abstract

Indonesia’s agricultural lands commonly require fertilization of K to attain optimum plant yield. So far, most farmers use K fertilizer from KCl, apart to the fact that its effectiveness varies with soils and plants. It is expected that Russian MOP fertilizer is more effective and economically morebeneficial than KCl fertilizer. Field experiment aimed to test the effectiveness of Russian MOP for maize and was conducted in Inceptisols (of Cibatok-Bogor) and Ultisols (of Jagang-North Lampung) in dry season of 2004. The experiment applied Randomized Completely Block Design with 3 replicates, and maize of Lamuru variety was as plant indicator. The treatment consisted of 5 levels of Russian MOP fertilizer: 0, 25, 50, 100,and 200 kg ha-1 and one treatment of KCl fertilizer of 100 kg ha-1 as a reference. The result showed that the use of Russian MOP increased soil HCl-K and NH4OAc-K as well as dry matter and grain yield. RAE at Russian MOP level of > 100 kg ha-1 was 138 and 115 in Inceptisols of Cibatok and 314 in Ultisols of Jagang. The maximum profits using Russian MOP fertilizer in Inceptisols and Ultisols were Rp 4.4 and Rp 1.9 million ha-1 season-1, respectively, and were greater than those of using KCl fertilizer in both studied soils. IBCR values of the Russian MOP fertilizer were 2.44-10.37 (Inceptisols) and 0.69-3.41 (Ultisols) and were greater than those of KCl fertilizer. The requirements of Russian MOP fertilizer to achieve maximum profit were 119 and 105 kg ha-1 or equal to 71 and 63 kg K2O ha-1 for Inceptisols of Cibatok and Ultisols of Jagang, respectively. Considering its effectiveness and benefit, Russian MOP fertilizer can be used as alternative of K fertilization.
Cover JTI Vol.41 No.2 Desember 2017 Wahid Noegroho
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 41, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Cover depan dan belakang,Guidelines Penulisan Naskah
Soil Leaching of on Particular Condition of Redox Potential by Insitu Water Source in Balandean South Kalimantan M. ALWI; SUPIANDI SABIHAM; S. ANWAR; . SUWARNO; . ACHMADI
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 32 (2010): Desember 2010
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n32.2010.%p

Abstract

The experiment was conducted in Soil Fertility Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, IPB from March to July 2009. The treatment was arranged in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors i.e. insitu water source and condition of redox potential. Water source for leaching was fresh water, peat water, and brackish water. The condition of redox potential consisted of: -100 ± 25, 0 ± 25, 100 ± 25, 200 ± 25, 300 ± 25, and 400 ± 25 mV. In leachate water on redox potential as 400 mV, the concentration of Fe2+, total Fe, SO42-, and Al were 376.76, 554.44, 961.55, and 180 ppm respectively (at first week) decreased into 227.20, 312.22, 506.86, and 44 ppm (at eight week). Whereas in leachate water that leaching by peat water, at the first week concentration of Fe2+, total Fe, SO42-, and Al were 412.50, 493.11, 823.57, and 110.50 ppm decreased into 253.65, 302.50, 463.60, and 29.50 ppm at the eighth week. After leaching as long as eighth weeks, concentration of Fe2+, total Fe, SO42-, and Al in soil material decreased from 578.26 ppm, 3680 ppm, 1011.26 ppm, and 18.66 me 100g-1 to 350.26 ppm, 3095 ppm, 376.76 ppm, and 11.79 me 100g-1.

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