cover
Contact Name
Mochammad Tanzil Multazam
Contact Email
tanzilmultazam@umsida.ac.id
Phone
-
Journal Mail Official
p3i@umsida.ac.id
Editorial Address
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Majapahit 666 B, Sidoarjo, East Java Indonesia
Location
Kab. sidoarjo,
Jawa timur
INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25989928     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21070/ijler
Core Subject : Economy, Social,
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review (IJLER) is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo four times a year. This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics concerning Law and Economics. IJLER is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 865 Documents
The Culture of Mass Organization Patronage and Its Impact on Non-Performing Loans: Budaya Bekingan Ormas dan Dampaknya Bagi Kredit Macet Muhammad Rico Irfansyah; Rifqi Ridlo Phahlevy
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1692

Abstract

General Background: Community organizations may become informal supporters of debtors in non-performing loan disputes, creating complex relationships between debtors, creditors, and third parties. Specific Background: In Sidoarjo and Surabaya, organizational assistance may take the form of consultation, mediation, negotiation, restructuring, and special repayment arrangements, but organizational symbols and collective pressure may also create social pressure during debt collection. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have mainly examined creditor protection, debtor default, fiduciary guarantees, and non-performing loans, while the socio-legal boundaries of community organization involvement in such disputes remain less examined. Aims: This study analyzes the legal position of community organizations and examines the legal and sociological implications of their involvement in non-performing loan resolution. Results: Using empirical legal research with socio-legal and legal anthropology approaches, qualitative data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and literature review. The findings show that community organizations function as third parties outside the credit contract and may provide lawful assistance when limited to consultation, mediation, negotiation, consumer advocacy, restructuring, and agreed special repayment. However, intimidation, mass mobilization, obstruction of lawful collection or fiduciary execution, concealment of collateral, and coercive pressure may constitute unlawful conduct and potentially trigger administrative, civil, or criminal consequences. Novelty: The study clarifies the boundary between lawful social assistance and organizational intervention that exceeds legal functions. Implications: Non-performing loan resolution requires professional and humane collection, consumer protection, direct communication, professional mediation, and clear limits on organizational involvement. Key Findings Highlights Community organizations operate outside the credit contract and may assist debtors through lawful representation and negotiation. Special repayment and restructuring can provide a consensual route for resolving problematic financing. Intimidation, mass pressure, collateral concealment, and obstruction may create administrative, civil, or criminal consequences. Keywords : Community Organizations, Non-Performing Loans, Creditor Protection, Fiduciary Guarantees, Socio-Legal Research
A Legal Analysis of Evidence and Law Enforcement for Victims of Deepfake Pornography in Indonesia : Analisis Yuridis Pembuktian dan Penegakan Hukum Korban dalam Deepfake Pornografi di Indonesia Deva Putra Tegas Sakti; Mochammad Tanzil Multazam
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1693

Abstract

General Background: Artificial intelligence has enabled realistic digital manipulation through deepfake technology, including non-consensual pornographic content that creates legal challenges for victims. Specific Background: Deepfake pornography raises issues concerning criminal qualification, electronic evidence, privacy, personal data, and legal remedies within Indonesia’s legal system. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies have addressed deepfake regulation, privacy, sexual violence, and criminalization, but comprehensive analysis integrating victim-oriented enforcement, electronic evidence, and multiple legal instruments remains limited. Aims: This study analyzes the legal qualification of deepfake pornography, electronic evidence mechanisms, and legal enforcement available to victims under Indonesian law. Results: Using normative legal research with a statutory approach, this study examines primary and secondary legal materials through deductive, grammatical, and systematic interpretation. The findings indicate that deepfake pornography involves overlapping legal norms across criminal, electronic information, pornography, personal data protection, sexual violence, and copyright regulations. Establishing electronic evidence requires layered validation involving facial biometric identification, digital forensic analysis, and preservation of the chain of custody. Victims may pursue criminal and civil remedies, including an unlawful act claim, although implementation faces regulatory lag, limited forensic capacity, and low digital legal literacy. Novelty: The study integrates cross-sectoral legal analysis with technical examination of electronic evidence and victim-oriented legal remedies. Implications: The findings support the need for specific legal reform, integrated digital forensic standards, stronger enforcement capacity, and improved digital legal literacy. Key Findings Highlights Overlapping statutory provisions create complex legal qualification issues for deepfake pornography. Facial biometric verification and digital forensic examination are central to validating manipulated content. Criminal and civil remedies provide legal avenues for victims while implementation faces practical limitations. Keywords : Deepfake Pornography, Digital Evidence, Legal Protection, Personal Data, Cybercrime
The Legal Review of Active Military Officers Serving in Civilian Positions: Tinjauan Hukum Terhadap TNI Aktif yang Menjabat pada Posisi-Posisi Sipil Reno Arby Faniansa; Rifqi Ridlo Phahlevy
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1694

Abstract

General Background: The placement of active military officers in civilian positions has been shaped by Indonesia’s post-Reform legal framework and the separation of military and civilian institutional functions. Specific Background: The amendment of Law No. 34 of 2004 through Law No. 3 of 2025 expanded the civilian positions that may be occupied by active military personnel, while Constitutional Court Decision No. 114/PUU-XXIII/2025 addressed restrictions on active police officers serving in civilian positions. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have examined military involvement in civilian affairs, the historical dual function of ABRI, and public responses to the amendment of the TNI Law, but the relevance of the Constitutional Court decision to restrictions on civilian positions for active military personnel requires further legal examination. Aims: This study examines the legal position of active military personnel in civilian positions and the relevance of Constitutional Court Decision No. 114/PUU-XXIII/2025 to the TNI. Results: Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that the Constitutional Court decision cannot be directly applied to the TNI because the TNI and Police are governed by different legal frameworks. Novelty: The study compares the legal foundations governing civilian positions for the two institutions and examines the decision as an argument for reviewing the latest TNI Law. Implications: The findings provide a legal basis for considering the consistency of constitutional review concerning civilian positions held by active state security institutions. Key Findings Highlights: The TNI and Police operate under different statutory frameworks governing civilian appointments. Constitutional Court Decision No. 114/PUU-XXIII/2025 directly concerns the Police rather than the TNI. The decision may serve as an argument in constitutional review of the latest TNI Law. Keywords: Active Military Officers, Civilian Positions, Constitutional Court, TNI Law, Judicial Review
Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT Contracts with ChatGPT Enterprise Users and Companies: Analisis Perbandingan Kontrak ChatGPT dengan Pengguna dan Perusahaan ChatGPT Enterprise Muhammad Zidane Baihaqie; Mochammad Tanzil Multazam
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1695

Abstract

General Background: Artificial Intelligence has expanded digital contractual relationships, including the use of ChatGPT by individual and corporate users. Specific Background: General users enter standard electronic contracts through Terms of Use, while ChatGPT Enterprise involves broader contractual arrangements concerning corporate data, information security, output ownership, liability, and organizational interests. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have mainly examined the validity of AI-generated contracts, the legal position of AI, and AI use in commercial contracts, while specific comparisons between general ChatGPT users and corporate Enterprise users remain limited. Aims: This study examines differences in standard clauses, legal relationships, and legal protection between the two services within the Indonesian legal framework. Results: Using normative juridical research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that general users have more limited bargaining positions and are more subject to provider-determined clauses, whereas Enterprise users receive broader contractual arrangements concerning data protection, information security, organizational control, and business interests. The analysis also identifies regulatory gaps, vague norms, and potential conflicts between platform policies and Indonesian law. Novelty: The study provides a comparative legal analysis of individual and corporate contractual relationships in AI-based digital services, focusing on standard clauses and the resulting legal position of the parties. Implications: The findings highlight the need for clearer legal regulation and adaptive contractual interpretation to provide legal certainty, balanced rights and obligations, and protection in AI-based electronic contracts. Key Findings Highlights General users have limited bargaining space under standardized service terms. Corporate arrangements provide broader controls over data, security, and organizational interests. AI-based contractual relationships raise regulatory gaps, vague responsibilities, and potential normative conflicts. Keywords : Standard Clauses, ChatGPT Enterprise, Electronic Contracts, Contract Law, Artificial Intelligence
Legal Review of Unenacted Company Regulations: Tinjauan Hukum terhadap Peraturan Perusahaan yang Belum Disahkan Muhammad Naufal Atsil Qomari; Noor Fatimah Mediawati
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1696

Abstract

General Background: Company Regulations serve as internal legal instruments governing working conditions, workplace rules, and the rights and obligations of employers and workers within industrial relations. Specific Background: Under Indonesian labor law, Company Regulations must undergo formal ratification by the competent labor authority before they can fully operate as binding internal rules. Knowledge Gap: Previous discussions have addressed company regulations, labor protection, and regulatory compliance, while specific analysis of the legal status and consequences of implementing unratified Company Regulations remains limited. Aims: This study analyzes the formal ratification procedure and the legal implications of implementing Company Regulations without ratification. Results: Using normative legal research with a statutory approach, the study finds that ratification constitutes a formal and constitutive requirement for the enforceability of Company Regulations. Unratified regulations do not possess full normative binding force and may create legal uncertainty, disputes in industrial relations, and administrative consequences for companies. The analysis also shows that such regulations may be disregarded in disputes when their formal legal requirements have not been fulfilled. Novelty: The study examines the legal position of unratified Company Regulations by connecting formal requirements with their consequences for workers and companies in industrial relations. Implications: The findings emphasize the importance of compliance with statutory procedures to provide legal certainty, protect workers’ rights, and maintain orderly industrial relations. Key Findings Highlights Unratified internal provisions lack full normative binding force. Formal validation determines the enforceability of internal employment rules. Noncompliance may generate disputes, uncertainty, and administrative sanctions. Keywords : Company Regulations, Legal Certainty, Labor Law, Industrial Relations, Formal Ratification
Enforcement of Procedures for Transfer of Land Rights Due to Joint Rights Distribution Deeds : A Study of the National Land Agency of Sidoarjo: Penegakan Prosedur Peralihan Hak Atas Tanah Akibat Akta Pembagian Hak Bersama : Studi Badan Pertanahan Nasional Sidoarjo Muhammad Rafii; Rifqi Ridlo Phahlevy
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1697

Abstract

General Background: Digitalization has transformed land administration in Indonesia through electronic certificates and electronic land services. Specific Background: The transfer of land rights through the Deed of Joint Distribution of Rights (APHB) involves taxation, document verification, registration, data validation, and electronic certificate issuance at the Land Office of BPN Sidoarjo. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies discussed land-right transfers, APHB validity, electronic registration, and legal certainty, while specific analysis of procedural law enforcement for APHB within electronic land services remains limited. Aims: This study analyzes procedural law enforcement for APHB-based land-right transfers and examines administrative barriers in electronic land services. Results: Using empirical legal research with a socio-legal approach, semi-structured interviews, observation, and questionnaires, the study finds that preventive enforcement involves PPAT/Notaries, the Land Office, and taxation agencies, while repressive enforcement operates through the State Administrative Court. The overall procedure obtained an average effectiveness value of 71%, categorized as fairly effective. However, data asynchrony, fragmented systems, technical disruptions, and manual verification remain obstacles. Novelty: The study connects APHB procedures with preventive and repressive enforcement within electronic land administration in BPN Sidoarjo. Implications: The findings indicate the need for integrated land administration, synchronized data, and strengthened electronic procedures to support legal certainty. Key Findings Highlights: Preventive verification involves PPAT/Notaries, the Land Office, and taxation agencies. Electronic certificate procedures recorded an overall effectiveness value of 71%. Data asynchrony, fragmented systems, and manual verification remain procedural obstacles. Keywords: APHB, Land Administration, Legal Certainty, Electronic Certificates, Socio-Legal Research
Draft Law on The Protection of Domestic Workers and The Prospects for The Protection of Domestic Workers’ Rights in Indonesia: Rancangan Undang-undang Perlindungan Pekerja Rumah Tangga dan Prospek Perlindungan Hak Pekerja Rumah Tangga di Indonesia Rizti Nurizka Esa; Rifqi Ridlo Phahlevy
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1698

Abstract

General Background: Domestic workers in Indonesia have historically lacked a dedicated legal framework, with protection relying on several existing regulations concerning manpower, domestic violence, and domestic worker protection. Specific Background: These arrangements have left domestic workers facing limited recognition as formal workers, discrimination, inadequate social security protection, and difficulties in accessing legal remedies. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have examined political processes, legal protection, and the human rights dimensions of the Draft Law on the Protection of Domestic Workers, while limited attention has been given to the existing legal instruments, their implementation, and the relationship between the 2023 Draft Law and Law Number 2 of 2026. Aims: This study examines the legal instruments protecting domestic workers, their implementation, and the prospects of protection under the relevant regulatory frameworks. Results: Using socio-legal research with statutory and empirical approaches, the study draws on interviews with the Manpower Office, the Integrated Service Center for the Empowerment of Women and Children, JALA PRT, and domestic workers. The findings show limitations in institutional authority, case assistance, legal enforcement, and protection of basic rights. Novelty: The study connects empirical protection practices with the regulatory development represented by the 2023 Draft Law and Law Number 2 of 2026. Implications: The findings indicate continuing legal protection gaps and differences in the scope of protection provided by the two regulatory frameworks. Key Finding Institutional authority remains limited in supervising domestic employment relationships. Existing protection mechanisms face obstacles in handling violence, unpaid wages, and other rights violations. The 2023 Draft Law contains provisions on work agreements, social security, dispute resolution, prohibitions, and sanctions that are not fully reflected in Law Number 2 of 2026. Keywords : Domestic Workers, Legal Protection, PPRT Regulation, Law Enforcement, Socio-Legal Research
The Influence of Religiosity, Emotional Intelligence, and Moral Reasoning on the Ethical Behavior of Accounting Students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo : Pengaruh Nilai Religiusitas, Kecerdasan Emosional dan Moral Reasoning terhadap Perilaku Etis Mahasiswa Akuntansi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Zackya Gana Donda; Aisha Hanif
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1699

Abstract

General Background: Ethical behavior is an important aspect of accounting education because accounting students are prepared for professional roles that require integrity and ethical decision-making. Specific Background: Religiosity, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning are examined as internal factors associated with ethical behavior among accounting students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have examined these factors separately or in combination with other variables, while limited research has examined religiosity, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning simultaneously within one research model. Aims: This study analyzes the relationships of religiosity, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning with the ethical behavior of accounting students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Results: Using a quantitative explanatory approach, data were obtained from 135 respondents through purposive sampling and analyzed using SPSS 26. The results show positive and significant relationships between religiosity, emotional intelligence, moral reasoning, and ethical behavior, with t-statistics of 8.131, 7.242, and 8.773, respectively, and significance values of 0.000. Novelty: The study examines the three internal factors simultaneously in one model among accounting students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Implications: The findings provide considerations for accounting education in developing students’ religiosity, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning as aspects related to ethical behavior, Key Findings Religiosity shows a positive and significant relationship with students’ ethical behavior. Emotional intelligence shows a positive and significant relationship with students’ ethical behavior. Moral reasoning records the highest t-statistic among the three examined variables, while the model explains 75.7% of ethical behavior variation. Keywords: Religiosity, Emotional Intelligence, Moral Reasoning, Ethical Behavior, Accounting Students
Customer Segmentation Analysis and Healthy Brand Sales Potential Using K-Means Clustering,RFM,Decision Tree and Swot Analysis at PT. Sukanda Djaya: Analisis Segmentasi Pelanggan dan Potensi Penjualan Healthy Brand Menggunakan K-Means Clustering,RFM,Decision Tree dan Analisis SWOT pada PT. Sukanda Djaya Adinda Irayanti Sunarjo; Rita Ambarwati Sukmono
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1700

Abstract

General Background: Customer segmentation and data-driven analysis are important for understanding purchasing patterns and identifying sales potential in competitive food service markets. Specific Background: PT. Sukanda Djaya manages several healthy brands, including Biokul, Jungle Juice, Home Brand Diamond, Oatside, and V-Soy, whose sales patterns require further analysis across customer segments. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies discussed K-Means clustering mainly for data grouping, while the present study combines customer segmentation with RFM, Decision Tree, and SWOT analysis to connect analytical findings with business strategy. Aims: This study aims to analyze customer segmentation and healthy brand sales potential at PT. Sukanda Djaya using K-Means Clustering, RFM, Decision Tree, and SWOT analysis. Results: The clustering results for 2020–2024 produced silhouette scores ranging from 0.94 to 0.96, indicating high clustering quality. F Novelty: The study integrates data mining-based customer segmentation with strategic SWOT analysis to connect customer characteristics, brand positioning, and business strategy. Implications: The findings provide a data-driven basis for identifying high-value customers, developing healthy brands, strengthening market positioning, and formulating strategies according to customer cluster characteristics. Key Findings Financial potential served as the primary classification factor, supported by billing quantity in distinguishing customer contribution. Diamond maintained a dominant position across most customer groups, while Oatside and V-Soy encountered competitive pressure in several segments. SWOT integration placed PT. Sukanda Djaya in Quadrant I, connecting internal strengths and external opportunities with market development strategies. Keywords : Customer Segmentation, K-Means Clustering, RFM Analysis, Healthy Brand, SWOT Analysis
An Analysis of the Impact of Dividend Policy Structure, Capital Structure, and Profitability on the Stock Prices of Companies in the Oil & Gas, Coal, and Oil, Gas & Coal Support Services Sub-Sectors in Indonesia for Decision-Making: Analisis Pengaruh Struktur Kebijakan Dividen, Struktur Modal, dan Profitabilitas terhadap Harga Saham Perusahaan Sub-Sektor Mi-Gas, Batu Bara, Pendukung Minyak, Gas & Batu Bara di Indonesia untuk pengambilan keputusan Yoga Rizky Amirulloh; Heri Widodo
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i2.1701

Abstract

General Background: Customer segmentation and data-driven marketing strategies are important for identifying sales potential and understanding customer purchasing behavior in the food service industry. Specific Background: PT Sukanda Djaya manages several healthy brands, including Biokul, Jungle Juice, Diamond, Oatside, and V-Soy, whose sales performance and customer contributions require systematic evaluation. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have primarily applied K-Means clustering to data grouping, while the integration of customer segmentation insufficiently addressed in the context of healthy brand sales. Aims: This study aims to analyze customer segmentation and healthy brand sales potential at PT Sukanda Djaya using K-Means clustering, RFM, Decision Tree, SWOT analysis. Results: The analysis of secondary food service sales data from 2020 to 2024 produced silhouette scores ranging from 0.94 to 0.96, indicating high clustering quality. Diamond consistently dominated most customer clusters, whereas Oatside and V-Soy faced competitive challenges. Novelty: This study integrates K-Means clustering, RFM, Decision Tree, and SWOT analysis to connect customer characteristics with healthy brand positioning and business strategy. Implications: The findings provide a basis for prioritizing high-value customers, strengthening product distribution, developing healthy brand positioning, and formulating data-driven marketing strategies. Key Findings Customer clusters achieved silhouette scores of 0.94–0.96, indicating high clustering quality throughout the 2020–2024 analysis period. Diamond dominated most customer clusters, while Oatside and V-Soy experienced competitive pressure from other brands. The 2024 analysis identified financial potential of 520.81% for Cluster 1 and 107.58% for Cluster 2, supporting customer prioritization strategies. Keywords : Customer Segmentation, K-Means Clustering, RFM Analysis, Healthy Brand, SWOT Analysis