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<![CDATA[Tobacco Smoking as A Risk Factor in DNA Methylation of Repair Gene (MLH1) Using Cytobbrush from Lateral Border of the Tongue ]]>
<![CDATA[Muayad Hashim Matloob]]>;
<![CDATA[Ameena Ryhan Diajil]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17704
<![CDATA[Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the epigenetic effect in the process of oral carcinogenesis by screening the methylation of repair gene in chronic tobacco smokers. Material and Method: Study design: One hundred male volunteers, divided into two groups: the 1stgroup consisted of 58 smokers, each consumed 20 cigarettes/day for at least 10 years; and the 2nd group consisted of 48non-smokers who were consider as a control group.The samples were taking from lateral border of the tongue by exfoliative cytology, and the extracted DNA was treated with phenol-chloroform gDNA,Screening of methylation was done by Methyl Specific PCR (MSP).Results :- The results of this studyshowed significant effect of tobacco smoking in methylation of MLH1 gene in site 1in comparison to non-smoker group,(P > 0.05), with Odds ratio = 4.957 CI ().]]>
<![CDATA[Amelogenin Localization in Periodontium Healing of Glucocorticosteriod-Induced Osteoporosis in Rabbit ]]>
<![CDATA[Nada M. H. Al-Ghaban]]>;
<![CDATA[Nawar Bahjet Kamil]]>;
<![CDATA[BanA.Ghani Jamil]]>;
<![CDATA[Bushra Habeeb Al-Maula]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17705
<![CDATA[Several recent studies had focused on impact of the changes in osteoporosis and its relation to the periodontium healing process. The aim of our present study is to evaluate the effect of osteoporosis on the periodontium healing immunohistochemicaly and on amelogenin. A total of twenty female New Zealand rabbits were assigned randomly into two groups, a ten healthy (control), and an other ten were subjected to a glucocorticoid induce osteoporosis. ligatures were haphazardly placed for the 1st mandibular molars in order to induce periodontitis, then animals had been sacrificed after 4 weeks and the specimens were processed routinely for a serial decalcified sections for the histological and the immunohistochemical study on “ amelogenin”. The histological results of our present study had revealed a delay in the process of healing of periodontium of the experimental group as compared to the control group. The immunohistochemical findings had shown a higher immunoreactivity of the periodontium cells of the osteoporotic groups than the control groups. This study found that the osteoporotic state induced by glucocorticoids may cause a delay in the healing by inducing periodontitis with a mild to moderate immunoreactivity to amelogenin as compared to the control group.]]>
<![CDATA[Trajectories of Salivary Hormones in Pregnant Women with Anxiety and there Effect on Gingival Health Condition ]]>
<![CDATA[Noor Majid Hameed]]>;
<![CDATA[Athraa Mustafa Alwaheb]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17706
<![CDATA[Background: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy caused several of the physiological changes designed for promoting growth and delivery of a healthy child. A delicate balance between immune tolerance to fetal antigens and immunity against infectious pathogens needs to be maintained.Aim: Assessing salivary cortisol and progesterone hormones in anxious pregnant women and their impact on gingival health status.Subjects and Method:A sample of 80 womenwith healthy pregnancy divided into two groups including 40 pregnant women with high anxiety levelmatch in age with40 pregnant womenhavea low level of anxietyin Baghdad Teaching Hospital of Baghdad city in Iraq were participated in this study. Plaque index was used for assessing dental plaque accumulations.The gingival conditionwasmeasured by the gingival index.Unstimulated saliva sample was collected for measuringsalivary cortisol and progesterone.Result: The strong validity and reliability of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Arabic translationscale make ita good indicator for measuring anxiety in Iraqi pregnant women.Data analysis of this study revealed high anxiety group has an elevated level of salivary cortisol, decrease salivary progesterone withsignificant differences. The correlations coefficients between salivary cortisol and progesterone among the high anxiety group was negative strong significant correlation while non-significant correlation in low anxiety group.The plaque indexwas higher among the high anxiety group with significantdifferences. Concerning the gingival index; there isno significant differences among two group. Positive strong significant correlation between plaque and gingival indices in high anxiety group.Regarding the correlation between gingival index and salivary progesterone in low anxiety group, it waspositive strong significant.While a positive significant correlation between plaque index and salivary cortisol in both groups.Conclusion: This study reported increase stress-hormone cortisol among a high anxiety pregnant women which hasan effect ongingival health subsequently. Gingival inflammation in the high anxiety group was a plaque induce gingivitis, while a pregnancy gingivitis was found among the low anxiety group]]>
<![CDATA[Male Children Sexual Abuse in the Transkei Region of South Africa ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17707
<![CDATA[Background: Reporting of male-to-male sexual abuse is associated with stigma and discrimination. It is not only trauma to a child but also to a family. It is under researched and under estimated in a community. Even when abused children have grown up and become adults the abuse remains a painful secret in their lives. This scar of child sexual abuse stays for a life time. It also fuels the spread of HIV/AIDS in society. Objective: To study the sexual abuse among male children in the Transkei region of South Africa. Method: This is a retrospective study, carried out between 2007 and 2011 at the Sinawe Centre of Mthatha General Hospital, Mthatha, South Africa. Results: There were 38 cases of male child sexual abuse (MCSA) reported between 2007 and 2011. There was only 1 case reported in 2007, 3 in 2008, 6 in 2009, 10 in 2010 and 18 in the year 2011. Of these, 3 (7.9%) were 5 years old, 17 (44.7%) were 10 or less years, and 9 (23.7%) were between the age of 11 and 15 years of age. Of the perpetrators 20 (52.6%) were known to the victims, 16 (42.1%) were unknown 2 (5.2%) were family member of the victims. There was delay in reporting. Genital injuries were observed in 8 (21%) cases, and physical injury in only 2 (5.2%) cases. All the victims were HIV negative and post-exposure prophylaxis compliant. Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of male children sexual abuse in the Transkei region of South Africa. It requires urgent attention by the law enforcement authorities]]>
<![CDATA[An Experience on Facts about Teaching Forensic Medicine to Undergraduate Medical Students in South Africa ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17708
<![CDATA[South Africa is struggling with an enormous amount of forensic pathology services because there is an extreme pressure on forensic pathologists to deal with the high number of medicolegal autopsies in the country. There are only five dozen forensic pathologists in South Africa who have to handle at least 80 000 autopsies per year. Medical officers, who have only received training as undergraduates in medical school, are expected to conduct these autopsies. Therefore, undergraduate teaching and training must be strong enough so that these young graduates can handle cases without any compromise in the quality of the outcome.This report is going to highlight the necessity of teaching forensic medicine at undergraduate level in South African medical schools. It will also discuss the shortcomings in medical school teaching programmes.]]>
<![CDATA[Repeated Sexual Assault and HIV Seropositivity: A Case Report ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17709
<![CDATA[Background: Sexual assaults are on an epidemic level in the Transkei region of South Africa, despite the government efforts to bring it down. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) is also proportionally high in this region of South Africa. Objective: To highlight the problem of sexual assault and HIV infection in the Transkei region of South Africa. Case history: This is a case report of 15-year-old teenagers (SD) who was a schoolgirl in standard 6 when she was assaulted. SD was sexually assaulted repeatedly by an older man of 28 years. She was found sero-converted on HIV testing. On physical examination the introitus was red and bruised. A copious amount semen-like infected fluid was observed in her vagina. The case history, findings, beliefs, and compliance with HIV drugs are discussed. Conclusion: There is high risk of repeated sexual assault and HIV infection in the Transkei region of South Africa. Government must look deeper to prevent these rape attacks as well as HIV infection]]>
<![CDATA[Ethical Issue Related to ‘Save the Life of the Patient’ at Mthatha General Hospital in South Africa ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17710
<![CDATA[Background: Resuscitation of a patient with life threatening conditions, before referral to another department or hospital, is a legal obligation on the part of the health professionals. Several deaths occur every year in hospitals and health care centres without an emergency management. Objective: To highlight the ethical issue related to ‘Save the Life of the Patient’ at Mthatha hospital in South Africa. Case History: This is the case (AM) report of a 16-year-old Grade 10 learner who was assaulted physically as well as sexually. She was bleeding from a stab wound to her when she was brought to the Mthatha General Hospital’s (MGH) casualty. She was then referred to the Bedford hospital for repair of the tendon of her right wrist as recommended by the doctor on duty. The patient was referred to Sinawe Centre for forensic management, where she collapsed during an interview. The patient was taken on a stretcher to the MGH casualty for an emergency treatment of her blood pressure. The history of the patient and the care duty of the health professionals are discussed. Ethical issues are also highlighted in relation to the ‘preserve the life first’ principle in this case report. Conclusion: There was a serious breach in duty of care by medical officers in the Mthatha hospital, South Africa. It is an ethical priority to save the life of the patient.]]>
<![CDATA[Guilty of Unnatural Death but HIV Positive in Transkei Region of South Africa ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17711
<![CDATA[Background: HIV infections and crime have a complex relationship. It is difficult to understand its unnatural causation. HIV positivity has never accounted as an underlying cause of death in persons who have died unnaturally. Objective: To correlate HIV infection with non-natural deaths in the Transkei region of South Africa.Method: This is a record of a review study at Mthatha (Umtata) General Hospital. The data was collected from the office of medical superintendent and from the forensic pathology laboratory. Results: There has been an increase in the Mthatha General Hospital mortality rate by almost two- fold in last five years. Suicidal deaths like hanging have increased by one and half times. Fatal poisoning, possibly suicidal, has increased about five to sixtimes. Gunshot injuries, which may or may not be suicidal, have increased by one and half times. The accurate estimate of the prevalence of the HIV/AIDS is a necessity to measure the costs of disease for effective strategic planning. Conclusion: The HIV infection is increasing along with natural and non-natural deaths in the Transkei region of South Africa. It must be considered in the category of diminished responsibility as a mentally sick.]]>
<![CDATA[Post-retrenchment and Retirement of Mineworkers: A Poor Quality of Life in Transkei Region of South Africa ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17712
<![CDATA[Background: Former mineworkers are sandwiched between scare resources and little hope of getting re-employment. They do not have enough savings to maintain their families. The expenditure is at its highest when they return from the mines, as the children are grown up and are in secondary or senior secondary school. Many are not re-employable because of poor health, and some are disabled.Objective: To highlight the problem of retrenched mineworkers in the Transkei region of South Africa.Method: The case histories of these mineworkers were recorded either at Benefit Examination Clinic (BEC) or at the forensic pathology laboratory which is situated in the chest section of the Mthatha Hospital, Mthatha.Results: There were 2027 former mineworkers examined at BEC between 1997 and 2000. Of these, 172 (8.48%) were re-examined and only 51 (2.5%) received compensated over the period of four years. The examination of mineworkers has decreased from 1997 (29.6%) to 2000 (3.94%). There were 55 (2.71%) died before they received their benefit of examination.Conclusion: Retrenched mineworkers are frequently under psychosocial pressure, including their families and the community. Extreme poverty, sickness, and disabilities co-exist among these retrenched, retired mineworkers in the Transkei region of South Africa.]]>
<![CDATA[An Unusual Case Report on Co-Morbidity with Sexual Assault in the Mthatha Hospital, South Africa ]]>
<![CDATA[B Meel]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17713
<![CDATA[Background: Comorbidity or the co-occurrence of mental disorders and substance abuse disorders is common among victims of sexual assault. Occasionally life-threatening conditions have been observed in these patients which need immediate medical attention. Objective: To highlight the unusual case report of co-morbidity with sexual assault in a rural hospital in South Africa. Case History: A seven-year-old girl was referred from a health center to a rural hospital with a history of sexual assault over four days by an unknown man. She was threatened to be killed in the case of disclosure. Her aunt suspected that she had a problem as she was not walking normally. Then she opened and described the whole incident. She was having a history of vaginal discharge with vomiting and diarrhea along with mild fever. She was also depressed. On physical examination, genital injuries including a ruptured hymen were confirmed. She was having muscle guarding of abdominal muscles. The victim was refused admittance as she was labeled a case of rape, but after persistent persuasion of the staff, she was admitted and later operated on for acute appendicitis. This case history, her physical examination, and the difficulty in getting admission to a surgical ward are discussed in this report. Conclusion: Sexual assault may be associated with co-morbidity like acute appendicitis. Doctors must be vigilant in identifying such life-threatening co-morbidity to save the life of a patient.]]>
