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Published by Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
ISSN : 27226336     EISSN : 27233855     DOI : Prefix 10.26593
Core Subject : Religion, Humanities,
Religion Humanities
FOCUS or FOCUS: Theological Studies is an open-access journal covering multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and trans-disciplinary studies of religion in the field of theology. Theology is a field of study that examines logically the doctrines of faith in religions that are connected to the context of the problems of contemporary society in this world. This theological study, first, is transformative theology which is empirical scientific reflection. Second, it is contemporary theology that has an actual and solution role in contemporary social reality. Therefore, the focus and scope of publication of FOCUS are based on rigorous research, accountable methodologies, and new findings based on good scientific ethical standards in the disciplines of the study of religions in the field of theology.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Studi Agama
Articles 123 Documents
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Barzakh and the Imaginal Realm: A Phenomenology of Postmortem Experience in Sufism Haqq, Muhammad Valiyyul; Arnel, Iskandar
FOCUS Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Focus
Publisher : Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/478hr802

Abstract

This study examines the phenomenology of barzakh in the corpus of classical Sufism as a model of liminal postmortem experience and analyzes its implications for afterlife concepts in other religious traditions. The aim of this research is to explain how Sufi thinkers—particularly Ibn ‘Arabi, Suhrawardī, and al-Jīlī—understand barzakh not as a static space of waiting but as an imaginal realm with its own ontological structure, experienced through the imaginal consciousness of the human being. Employing a qualitative design grounded in narrative-phenomenological analysis, this study conducts an in-depth textual examination of Sufi works and interprets their imaginal narratives as manifestations of transformative consciousness. The findings reveal three main points. First, barzakh is conceived as an ontological imaginal reality in which the subtle body, liminal space, and postmortem forms manifest through al-khayāl al-muttaṣil as the medium of the soul’s experience. Second, barzakh functions as a moral mirror in which one’s deeds, intentions, and inner states become objectified into imaginal landscapes directly encountered by the soul, thereby dynamically shaping its postmortem existential environment. Third, the comparative analysis demonstrates structural parallels between the phenomenology of barzakh and intermediate-realm concepts in non-Islamic traditions—such as Bardo Thodol in Tibetan Buddhism and Olam Ha-Ba in Judaism—which similarly exhibit liminal experiential patterns involving transformations of consciousness, the subtle body, guidance by transcendent entities, and reflective imaginal spaces. This study contributes to the expansion of esoteric Sufi studies by employing a phenomenological approach that interprets barzakh as a structure of experience rather than merely a theological doctrine. Moreover, it offers a new hermeneutical framework for interreligious dialogue by highlighting shared patterns of transitional consciousness across afterlife traditions. The originality of this research lies in its integration of phenomenological analysis with comparative afterlife studies, demonstrating barzakh as a universal archetype of transformative human experience.
Islamic Art at the Crossroads of Modernity: Aesthetic and Spiritual Interpretations in the Works of Ahmad Sadali and A.D. Pirous in Indonesia Nazwanindya, Renatha Aisya; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul; Respati , Yacobus Ari; Napitsunargo, Henrycus
FOCUS Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Focus
Publisher : Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/pzpxe735

Abstract

This study examines how contemporary Indonesian Islamic painting functions as a medium of spiritual reflection and as an intellectual project that negotiates Islamic tradition with global modernity. Focusing on the works of Ahmad Sadali and A.D. Pirous, the study responds to an academic concern regarding the persistent fragmentation in Islamic art scholarship among aesthetic, symbolic, and philosophical approaches, as well as the limited comparative readings of Indonesian Muslim artists within the global discourse of Islamic art. Employing a qualitative approach with an interpretive-analytical research design, the study collects data through direct observation of artworks at the exhibition Seabad Sadali: Menjejak Bumi Menembus Langit at Selasar Sunaryo Art Gallery and through visits to Studio Galeri Serambi Pirous, complemented by a literature review of theoretical works and previous studies on Islamic art, abstraction, calligraphy, and visual theology. The findings demonstrate that Ahmad Sadali and A.D. Pirous represent two distinct yet complementary aesthetic strategies within modern Indonesian Islamic painting. Sadali articulates tawḥīd through a quiet and contemplative mode of symbolic abstraction, whereas Pirous advances the deconstruction of calligraphy and heightened visual intensity as a dialogical expression of spiritual anxiety and faith. Together, their works affirm that Islamic painting does not operate merely as decorative art, but functions as a practice of visual theology—a mode of Islamic thinking enacted through symbols, color, and spatial composition. The implications of this study underscore the importance of visual art as an integral part of contemporary Islamic intellectual tradition, while also opening pathways for the development of more inclusive approaches to Islamic art education, curatorial practice, and public dialogue. The originality of this research lies in its comparative reading of Sadali and Pirous as an intellectual project of Indonesian Islamic art, positioning Indonesia not as a peripheral case but as a reflective and active contributor to the global discourse on Islamic art.
The Philosophy of Obedience in War: A Clausewitzian Analysis Wibisono, Adwin
FOCUS Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Focus
Publisher : Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/k7g1pn68

Abstract

This study examines the moral limits of obedience in military ethics through a reinterpretation of Clausewitz’s On War, particularly regarding the relationship between a soldier’s compliance, the teleological purpose of war, and the moral agency of individuals within the chain of command. The research responds to concerns about the persistent strength of absolutist obedience doctrines in modern military institutions, which—across numerous historical cases such as My Lai and Abu Ghraib—have contributed to atrocities and the delegitimization of war. Using a qualitative method based on literature study and conceptual-critical analysis, this article analyzes Clausewitz’s texts, the doctrine of Auftragstaktik, historical investigation reports, and contemporary literature on military ethics, just war theory, and strategic leadership. The findings demonstrate three key points. First, Clausewitz views war as a political instrument directed toward teleological ends such as the restoration of order and the achievement of peace; therefore, obedience holds moral value only insofar as it supports these highest strategic purposes. Second, the analysis of the My Lai massacre and the abuses at Abu Ghraib confirms that blind obedience produces moral and strategic failure when orders are executed without rational judgment or ethical reflection. Third, integrating Clausewitz’s ideas with the principles of Auftragstaktik generates two new normative concepts—critical obedience and ethical disobedience—which position soldiers as responsible moral agents rather than mere executors of commands. These concepts offer an ethical foundation for modern military professionalism, particularly within the context of multidomain warfare and the complex frictions of contemporary conflict. Theoretically, this research contributes original insight to the field of military ethics by proposing a teleological framework that fills gaps in just war studies, professional military ethics, and character education for soldiers. This approach opens new pathways for developing military ethics curricula, reforming command doctrines, and establishing protective mechanisms for soldiers when confronted with erroneous or immoral orders.

Page 13 of 13 | Total Record : 123

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