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Eureka Herba Indonesia
Published by HM Publisher
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27465152     DOI : https://doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v1i1.1
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Eureka Herba Indonesia (EHI) is peer review scientific journal that focused on reserach in exploration potential Herba of Indonesia for enhancing healthy. EHI focused on : 1. Medicinal Plants. 2. Efficacy of Herba Study. 3. Safety of Herba Study. 4. Animals that potential for developing as healthy products. 5. Minerals that potential for developing as healthy products.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran Komplemen dan Alternatif
Articles 121 Documents
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Curcuminoids for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Meta-Analysis Evaluating Effects on Central Macular Thickness and Visual Acuity Ramzi Amin; Mandy Putriyudi
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v5i2.127

Abstract

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients, driven primarily by inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased vascular permeability. Current standard therapies, while effective, have limitations. Curcuminoids, derived from Curcuma longa, possess potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic properties, suggesting potential therapeutic value in DME. However, clinical evidence requires synthesis. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of curcuminoid supplementation on Central Macular Thickness (CMT) and Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in patients with DME. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases from January 1st, 2013, to December 31st, 2023. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials comparing curcuminoid supplementation (as adjunct or monotherapy) against placebo or standard care alone in patients with DME, reporting CMT and/or BCVA outcomes. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2 (RoB 2). Data were pooled using a random-effects model, calculating the Mean Difference (MD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Six studies (comprising 388 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The included studies varied in curcuminoid formulations, dosages (ranging from 80 mg to 1500 mg daily), and follow-up durations (3 to 12 months). The overall risk of bias across studies was mixed, with some concerns primarily related to blinding and outcome reporting in several trials. Meta-analysis demonstrated that curcuminoid supplementation was associated with a statistically significant reduction in CMT compared to control groups (MD = -28.54 μm; 95% CI [-45.11, -11.97]; p = 0.0007). Moderate heterogeneity was observed (I² = 62%, p = 0.02). For BCVA (LogMAR), curcuminoid supplementation showed a trend towards improvement, but the result was not statistically significant (MD = -0.04 LogMAR; 95% CI [-0.09, 0.01]; p = 0.11). Heterogeneity for BCVA was low (I² = 15%, p = 0.31). In conclusion, adjunctive curcuminoid supplementation may contribute to a modest but statistically significant reduction in CMT in patients with DME. No statistically significant improvement in BCVA was confirmed, although a favourable trend was observed. Significant heterogeneity in CMT results and methodological limitations in primary studies necessitate cautious interpretation. Larger, well-designed RCTs with standardized, bioavailable curcuminoid formulations and longer follow-up are warranted to definitively establish the clinical role of curcuminoids in DME management.
Phytotherapeutic Interventions Targeting Microvascular Dysfunction in Early Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Effects on Retinal Perfusion and Function Ramzi Amin; Muhammad Baqir
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i1.129

Abstract

Microvascular dysfunction, encompassing impaired perfusion and subsequent functional deficits, is a hallmark of early non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Phytotherapeutic agents, with their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasculoprotective properties, have emerged as candidate interventions. However, synthesized evidence regarding their specific impact on retinal perfusion and function in early NPDR remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of phytotherapeutic interventions on quantitative measures of retinal perfusion and visual function in patients with early NPDR. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 2013 and December 2024. Studies evaluating any phytotherapeutic intervention versus placebo or standard care in patients with early NPDR, reporting outcomes related to retinal perfusion (including Foveal Avascular Zone [FAZ] area, capillary density via Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography [OCT-A]) or retinal function (including Best-Corrected Visual Acuity [BCVA], Contrast Sensitivity [CS], electroretinogram [ERG] parameters) were considered. Data from seven RCTs meeting eligibility criteria were analyzed. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment (Cochrane RoB 2 tool) were performed. Meta-analyses using a random-effects model were conducted for key outcomes, calculating Mean Differences (MD) or Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Seven RCTs (total N=585 patients) were included. The interventions evaluated included Ginkgo biloba, Bilberry extract, Curcumin, Saffron, Pycnogenol, Mirtogenol, and a standardized Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula. Risk of bias across the studies varied, with concerns primarily in blinding and outcome measurement domains in some trials. Meta-analysis indicated that phytotherapeutic interventions were associated with a statistically significant improvement in retinal perfusion markers compared to control. This included a reduction in FAZ area (MD: -0.04 mm², 95% CI [-0.06, -0.02], P<0.001; I²=58%) and an increase in parafoveal superficial capillary density (MD: +1.85 %, 95% CI [+1.10, +2.60], P<0.001; I²=65%). Functional improvements were also observed, including BCVA (MD: -0.03 logMAR, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01], P=0.005; I²=35%) and contrast sensitivity (SMD: 0.35, 95% CI [0.15, 0.55], P<0.001; I²=48%). Safety data suggested no significant increase in major adverse events compared to control groups (Risk Ratio: 1.12, 95% CI [0.75, 1.68], P=0.58; I²=0%). In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis found that phytotherapeutic interventions improve retinal microvascular perfusion and associated visual function in patients with early NPDR, with an acceptable safety profile. These findings support the potential role of specific phytotherapies as adjunctive treatments in managing early diabetic microvascular changes. Further large-scale trials are warranted to confirm these benefits and explore long-term outcomes.
Modulation of the Cognition–Sleep Nexus in Subjective Cognitive Decline: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Standardized Cordyceps militaris Extract Vita Amanda; Daphne Marshall; Zahra Amir; Husin Sastranagara; Danniel Hilman Maulana; Karina Chandra; Fachrudin Sani
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher in collaboration with CMHC Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i2.130

Abstract

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and sleep disturbance form a self-reinforcing cycle that accelerates neurodegeneration. Cordyceps militaris (CM), a medicinal fungus rich in nucleosides, has neuroprotective and adenosinergic (sleep-promoting) properties. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a standardized CM extract on the cognition–sleep nexus in adults with SCD. Methods: In a 12-week, single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in Palembang, Indonesia, 120 adults aged 45–65 years with SCD received 300 mg/day of a standardized CM mycelial extract (3% cordycepin) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was change in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment–Indonesian (MoCA-INA) score. Bonferroni-corrected key secondary outcomes were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) delayed recall and polysomnography-derived sleep efficiency (SE). Intention-to-treat analyses used a linear mixed-effects model (LMM). Results: A significant group-by-time interaction favored CM for MoCA-INA (adjusted mean difference [AMD] +1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 2.80; p < 0.001). All three key secondary outcomes improved: PSQI (AMD −2.90; 95% CI −3.81, −1.99), RAVLT delayed recall (AMD +2.15; 95% CI 1.30, 3.00) and SE (AMD +5.8%; 95% CI 3.1, 8.5); all p < 0.001. After false discovery rate (FDR) correction, benefits were also seen for processing speed, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The extract was well tolerated. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of standardized C. militaris extract improved cognitive function, episodic memory and both subjective and objective sleep in adults with SCD, with changes in neuroplasticity and inflammation markers consistent with a multi-target mechanism.
Curcumin Reverses Cisplatin Resistance in NSCLC via Transcriptional Suppression of ABCB1 and Functional Inhibition of P-glycoprotein: A Mechanistic and Synergistic Analysis Khairiel Anwar; Eduardo Michael Perez; Febria Suryani; Franklin Shane
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i1.131

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. The efficacy of Cisplatin (DDP), a first-line chemotherapeutic, is frequently compromised by multidrug resistance (MDR), primarily driven by the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1). Curcumin, a polyphenol with pleiotropic pharmacological effects, has shown potential as a chemosensitizer. This study aimed to rigorously quantify the synergistic interaction between Curcumin and Cisplatin and elucidate whether the reversal of resistance is mediated through functional blockade or genetic suppression of ABCB1. We utilized the human NSCLC cell line A549 and its stable, authenticated DDP-resistant counterpart (A549/DDP). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the CCK-8 assay with strict vehicle controls. Drug synergy was quantified using the Chou-Talalay Combination Index (CI) method. P-gp efflux function was evaluated by Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) accumulation, while apoptosis was analyzed via Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry. The expression levels of P-gp and ABCB1 mRNA were determined by Western blotting and RT-qPCR, adhering to MIQE guidelines. A549/DDP cells exhibited a robust resistance phenotype (Resistance Index: 13.4). Co-treatment with non-toxic concentrations of Curcumin (20 μM) significantly reduced the IC50 of Cisplatin from 56.42 μM to 6.85 μM (p < 0.001), yielding a Reversal Fold of 8.2. The Combination Index was 0.45, indicating strong synergism. Curcumin treatment blocked P-gp-mediated efflux and, critically, downregulated ABCB1 mRNA by 72% and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. This dual mechanism restored apoptotic sensitivity, increasing rates from 12.5% to 46.8%. In conclusion, curcumin effectively reverses Cisplatin resistance in NSCLC through a dual mechanism: immediate functional inhibition of the P-gp pump and delayed transcriptional repression of ABCB1. These findings support the development of Curcumin-based adjuvant therapies to overcome MDR.
Comparative Efficacy and Acute Tolerability of a Standardized Withania somnifera Root Extract Versus Sertraline in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial Ni Made Nova Indriani; Suyong Zhou; Riri Arisanty Syafril Lubis; Jason Willmare
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i1.132

Abstract

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) represents a significant psychiatric burden, characterized by chronic hyperarousal and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. While selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Sertraline are the standard of care, their utility is often compromised by delayed onset and adverse effects, specifically sexual dysfunction. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) acts as a GABA-mimetic and adaptogen, yet rigorous head-to-head comparisons against pharmaceutical controls are rare. We conducted an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 150 adults with DSM-5 diagnosed GAD. Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to receive High-Concentration Ashwagandha Root Extract (600 mg/day, standardized to >5% withanolides), Sertraline (50 mg/day), or Placebo. Blinding was maintained using mint-scented desiccants to mask the herb's odor. Efficacy was analyzed using Mixed Models for Repeated Measures (MMRM). Of 150 participants, 138 completed the study. Both Ashwagandha (Mean HAM-A reduction -14.2) and Sertraline (-15.1) demonstrated statistical superiority over Placebo (-5.4; p < 0.001). The difference between active arms was not statistically significant, supporting comparable efficacy. Ashwagandha significantly reduced serum cortisol (-24.3%) and improved GAD-7 scores. Crucially, while Sertraline induced significant sexual dysfunction (worsened ASEX scores, p < 0.001) and nausea (28%), Ashwagandha showed a safety profile indistinguishable from placebo. In conclusion, standardized Withania somnifera extract (600 mg/day) offers anxiolytic efficacy comparable to Sertraline (50 mg/day) with a superior safety profile, specifically devoid of sexual and gastrointestinal adverse effects.
Quantitative Mapping of Phytochemical Synergy in Psidium guajava and Piper betle for Antidiarrheal Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using Radar Chart Analysis and AUC Kintoko; Khrisna Agung Cendekiawan; Sapto Yuliani; Firdha Aprillia Wardhani
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher in collaboration with CMHC Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v7i1.133

Abstract

Background: Infectious diarrhea is a major global health burden characterised by gastrointestinal hypermotility, fluid hypersecretion, and mucosal inflammation. Conventional antimotility agents and broad-spectrum antibiotics carry significant limitations, notably antimicrobial resistance and adverse systemic effects. Psidium guajava and Piper betle offer a complementary approach, yet the magnitude of their combined synergy has not been quantified. Objective: To quantify and map the combined antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant synergy of Psidium guajava and Piper betle, and to identify their respective pathophysiological targets. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2020. Primary studies reporting quantitative antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant parameters of both extracts were identified across major databases. Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model, and therapeutic capacity was mapped by Radar Chart Analysis (RCA) and Area Under the Curve (AUC) integration. Results: Psidium guajava markedly suppressed gastrointestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (pooled SMD = −2.45; 95% CI −3.10 to −1.80), whereas Piper betle showed broad-spectrum bactericidal and free-radical-scavenging activity (pooled SMD = 3.85; 95% CI 2.95 to 4.75). AUC integration indicated that combining both phytochemical profiles expanded the total therapeutic coverage by 42%. Conclusion: The framework indicates a synergistic mechanism in which Psidium guajava targets hypermotility and secretory dysfunction while Piper betle addresses the pathogenic etiology and oxidative tissue damage, supporting the development of combined botanical therapeutics.
Spirulina platensis Extract Stabilizes Hepatic HIF-1α and Activates Caspase-3 in Aging Wistar Rat Liver Reni Paramita; Febriana Catur Iswanti; Ninik Mudjihartini
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher in collaboration with CMHC Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v7i1.135

Abstract

Background: Liver aging is accompanied by progressive hypoxia, impaired redox homeostasis, and dysregulated programmed cell death, for which safe complementary interventions are needed. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis), a marine cyanobacterium rich in the antioxidant phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin, is widely used in Indonesian complementary medicine, yet its effect on the hepatic hypoxia–apoptosis–autophagy network across biological age is undefined. Objective: To examine whether oral Spirulina extract modulates hepatic HIF-1α, caspase-3, and p62/SQSTM1 in young (12-week) and older (24-week) male Wistar rats. Methods: Animals (n = 5 per group) received Spirulina extract 200 mg/kg body weight or aquabidest vehicle once daily for 29 days; livers were harvested and marker concentrations quantified by ELISA, with one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, η², Cohen’s d, and Pearson correlation. Results: Spirulina increased hepatic HIF-1α by 60.0% in older rats (688.0 ± 55.0 versus 430.0 ± 40.0 pg/mg protein; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 5.37) but not in young rats (p = 0.539). Caspase-3 rose 21.2% in older rats (145.68 ± 12.80 versus 120.23 ± 11.00 ng/mg protein; p = 0.010; d = 2.13), whereas p62 was unchanged (ANOVA p = 0.903). HIF-1α and caspase-3 were strongly correlated (r = 0.879; 95% CI 0.714–0.951; p < 0.001). Spirulina also raised the hepatosomatic ratio and attenuated body-weight gain. Conclusion: Spirulina engages the hepatic hypoxia–apoptosis axis in an age-dependent manner while preserving autophagy, providing mechanistic support for its use as a herbal hepatoprotective modality.
Clinical Efficacy of Piper betle L. Nanoemulgel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Muhammad Ashraf; Eduardo Michael Perez
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i1.136

Abstract

This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of a Piper betle L. (betel leaf) nanoemulgel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Sixty-four patients with Stage III Grade B periodontitis were randomized to P. betle nanoemulgel (5% w/w ethanolic extract standardized to ≥30 mg/g hydroxychavicol; n = 32) or placebo gel (n = 32), applied subgingivally at baseline, week 2, and week 4 as adjuncts to SRP, at a private hospital in Palembang, Indonesia. The nanoemulgel had a mean droplet size of 78.4 ± 12.6 nm, polydispersity index 0.218, zeta potential −32.6 mV, and encapsulation efficiency 87.3%. Primary outcomes were probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival index (GI) at 12 weeks. The intervention group showed significantly greater PPD reduction (−2.58 ± 0.68 vs −1.56 ± 0.74 mm; p < 0.001; Cohen d = 1.43), CAL gain (d = 1.23), BOP reduction (d = 1.12), and GI improvement (d = 1.25). Gingival crevicular fluid TNF-α decreased to 18.4 ± 8.2 versus 28.6 ± 10.4 pg/mL (p < 0.001; d = 1.09). Adverse events were limited to mild transient burning in 12.5% of patients. Piper betle nanoemulgel provided significant adjunctive clinical benefit in chronic periodontitis through anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mechanisms, supporting its integration into evidence-based herbal periodontal therapy.
Curcumin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles from Curcuma longa Attenuate Inflammatory Cytokine Cascades in a Rat Model of Acute Peritonitis Oliva Azalia Putri; Dedi Sucipto
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i1.137

Abstract

Acute peritonitis remains a life-threatening intra-abdominal inflammatory condition with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings across Southeast Asia. Curcumin, the principal polyphenol of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its clinical use is limited by poor oral bioavailability, rapid hepatic metabolism, and low aqueous solubility. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (Cur-SLNs) in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced acute peritonitis rat model. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n=6): sham, CLP+vehicle, CLP+free curcumin (100 mg/kg), CLP+Cur-SLN low dose (50 mg/kg), and CLP+Cur-SLN high dose (100 mg/kg). Cur-SLNs prepared by hot homogenization-ultrasonication had a mean particle size of 152.4±8.7 nm, polydispersity index 0.218±0.03, zeta potential −28.6±2.1 mV, and entrapment efficiency 87.3±3.2%. At 24 hours, Cur-SLN high dose significantly reduced TNF-α (89.6±18.3 versus 287.5±45.2 pg/mL, p<0.001), IL-6 (102.4±22.7 versus 312.4±52.8 pg/mL, p<0.001), and IL-1β (78.5±16.8 versus 245.6±41.3 pg/mL, p<0.001) compared with CLP-vehicle, with large effect sizes (Cohen's d 4.50–5.72), alongside attenuated oxidative stress, reduced bacterial burden, and preserved peritoneal histology. Cur-SLNs from Curcuma longa represent a promising herbal nanomedicine strategy for attenuating inflammatory cascades in acute peritonitis.
Network-Pharmacology-Guided Validation of Phyllanthus niruri Nephroprotection Against Doxorubicin: An In Vitro–In Vivo Translational Study Rachmat Hidayat; Vania Delma; Indri Yani Septiana
Eureka Herba Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Eureka Herba Indonesia
Publisher : HM Publisher in collaboration with CMHC Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/ehi.v6i2.140

Abstract

Background: Doxorubicin is a cornerstone anthracycline chemotherapeutic whose clinical utility is constrained by dose-limiting nephrotoxicity, and no approved pharmacological prevention currently exists. Phyllanthus niruri L. (family Phyllanthaceae), known in Indonesia as meniran, is a phytotherapeutic herb whose constituents (phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, quercetin, rutin, gallic acid, and corilagin) target the oxidative-stress and inflammatory pathways implicated in doxorubicin renal injury. Objective: To test whether standardised P. niruri ethanolic extract attenuates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity through a mechanistically coherent multi-target pathway, using a tiered translational design. Methods: Network-pharmacology discovery using SwissTargetPrediction, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database (TCMSP), GeneCards, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) intersected six P. niruri active compounds with 842 nephrotoxicity-associated genes. In vitro validation used HK-2 human proximal tubular cells exposed to doxorubicin (2 µM, 24 h) with or without standardised P. niruri 70% ethanolic extract (25, 50, and 100 µg/mL). In vivo validation used 48 male Sprague–Dawley rats (eight per arm) given a single intraperitoneal dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg) and oral P. niruri at 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Results: Six hub targets (TNF, IL6, NFKB1, CASP3, BAX, and BCL2) and four enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (TNF signalling, MAPK signalling, PI3K/Akt signalling, and apoptosis) were identified. The P. niruri extract produced a dose-dependent rescue of HK-2 viability (84.6% at 100 µg/mL versus 41.8% in doxorubicin-only controls; p < 0.001). At 400 mg/kg, it reduced serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) by 55–70%, with concordant restoration of glutathione and superoxide dismutase. The network-pharmacology hub targets showed transcriptionally coherent modulation. Conclusion: Standardised P. niruri ethanolic extract is a mechanism-anchored herbal candidate for the adjunctive prevention of doxorubicin-induced kidney injury, warranting clinical translation.

Page 11 of 13 | Total Record : 121

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