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Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26223430     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v4i1.42852
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering (EJChE) publishes communication articles, original research articles and review articles in :. Material Development Biochemical Process Exploration and Optimization Chemical Education Chemical Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Membrane Technology Food Technology Bioprocess Technology Chemurgy Technology Waste Treatment Technology Separation and Purification Technology Natural Dyes Technology
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Kimia Proses dan Teknologi
Articles 122 Documents
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Producing Gel With Various Ingredients: a Review Marthin Rivai Hezekiel Siagian; Sayid Umar Abraham; Avido Yuliestyan
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.84242

Abstract

Unhealthy fat choices in diets are linked to obesity and other health problems. The food industry faces a challenge to develop low-fat products that maintain desirable textures and functionalities. Food gels, semi-solid materials formed by small molecules or large organic molecules that can hold liquids, offer a promising approach for replacing fat in various food applications like yogurt, ice cream, and cheese. This review discusses recent research on: Types of biopolymers used for fat substitution in gels, including proteins, polysaccharides, and their combinations. The importance of rheological studies in understanding the characteristics of these fat-substituted gels. How manipulating rheological parameters can influence the texture and properties of food products.Keywords: Gel, Rheology, Fat, Protein, Polysaccharide
Tenebrio molitor Larvae Feeding Strategy to Degrade Polypropylene Components from Disposable Masks Khadijah Sayyidatun Nisa; Reynaldi Ivan Prasetya; Ibnu Maulana Hidayatullah; Abdussalam Topandi; Fatimah Azizah Riyadi; Firah Gustianda Ayu; Frederick Soetandar; Dimas Rafi Narawangsa
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.84381

Abstract

The surge in mask consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the widespread use of disposable polypropylene masks for protection. However, the accumulation of used masks poses environmental challenges due to the slow degradation of polypropylene. Here, we investigate the potential of Tenebrio molitor larvae in degrading polypropylene masks, exploiting their synthetic polymer-breaking enzymes and associated microflora. In this study, we implemented various feeding strategies and established specific feed compositions to assess T. molitor larvae's consumption behavior towards polypropylene masks. Over a 21-day observation period, we noted a consumption rate of 0.4% of masks, with a 7.5% mortality rate among the larvae. The average daily consumption rate was 0.201 grams, resulting in a 2.3% increase in larval weight and the production of 0.4635 grams of feces. Our findings highlight the potential of T. molitor larvae as effective mask degraders. Optimizing cultivation conditions and feeding strategies may further enhance microbial diversity, potentially introducing more polypropylene degraders within T. molitor, thereby expediting mask degradation. This study emphasizes the promising role of T. molitor larvae in addressing the environmental challenges posed by the accumulation of polypropylene masks.Keywords: Mask, Degrade, Tenebrio molitor, Microflora, Polypropylene
Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Study of Binary System Saturated Fatty Acid in Short Chain Alcohols Dwi Ardiana Setyawardhani; Difa Aulia Majid; Rudang Suryoadhi Suryatmoko Plawi
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.80577

Abstract

Unsaturated fatty acids are potential to be used for preventing degenerative diseases and developing brain function in babies. Separation of unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids efficiently achieved by urea complexation fractionation method. It is considered to be the simplest, most efficient, and lowest cost method. This study aimed to optimize urea complexation for increasing PUFA concentrations by determining solid-liquid equilibrium data of saturated fatty acids in short chain alcohols. In this study, there were two types of short chain alcohol, methanol and ethanol, in various concentrations (99,7%; 95%; 88%; 76% w/w) towards the solubility of saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid (PA and SA). PA and SA dissolved in various concentrations of methanol and ethanol to get homogeneous solutions. When solid SFA disappeared by heating the solution, or first formed by cooling the solution, the temperature was determined as the solid-liquid equilibrium temperature. The results showed that the best composition of solvent within high solubility level is ethanol 95% and methanol 99,7% over palmitic acid because it can dissolve at room temperature and below 0.01 mole fraction.Keywords:Alcohol, Fatty Acid, Solid-Liquid Equilibrium, Solubility
Sustainable Supercapacitor Electrode: The Role of Performance-Activated Carbon from Nypa Fruticans Shells Muhammad Iqbal Al Fuady; Ilmi Utari Simatupang; Putri Khoyrul Afifah
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 2 (2024): Volume 8, No 2 December 2024--Online First
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i2.92471

Abstract

Abstract. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices widely used in electronics, representing a significant breakthrough in energy storage technology. Known as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC), supercapacitors are electrochemical energy storage systems with higher power density than batteries. The material used to produce supercapacitor electrodes is waste from Nypa shells. The Nypa shells contain 36.5% cellulose, 21.8% hemicellulose, and 27.3% lignin. The production process uses the pyrolysis method to produce activated carbon, which is then used as supercapacitor electrode material. The SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test shows that all samples have different pore cavity structures in activated carbon. The EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) test shows that all activated carbon samples contain C, O, Mg, Si, and Ca elements. Based on FTIR (Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis showed that all samples had the same wave pattern and the presence of functional groups in the form of O-H, C=C, C-H, and C ≡ C was detected. The BET test (Brunauer – Emmett – Teller) shows that activated carbon with C-NPS-Ox has a specific surface area, micropore surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter values of 989.3 m2/g, 537.1 m2/g, 56.5 cm3/g, and 11.4 nm. The CV (Cyclic Voltammetry) test shows that the C-NPS-Ox sample with a scan rate of 10 mV/s has the highest specific capacitance value, 142.44 F/g. Keywords:Nypa Palm Shell, Activated Carbon, Electrode, Supercapacitor. 
Utilization of Tofu Liquid Waste as Liquid Organic Fertilizer Using the Fermentation Method with Activator Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM-4): A Review Lutfi Kurniawan; Maryudi Maryudi; Erna Astuti
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.84056

Abstract

Liquid organic fertilizer is organic fertilizer in liquid form which is partly or wholly derived from organic compounds such as plant, animal and industrial residues, in solid or liquid form. The nutrients contained in it are in the form of a very fine solution so that it is easily absorbed by plants, even the leaves or stems. Organic fertilizer is one solution to restore soil minerals physically, chemically and biologically from the bad effects of synthetic fertilizers. Liquid fertilizer is obtained from a solid fermentation process first, then followed by a liquid anaerobic fermentation and extraction process. In the fermentation process, the role of microbes greatly determines the product produced. Tofu liquid waste is made from cooking residue from cooked soybeans boiled and the water from the remaining tofu tends to be thrown into the surrounding environment. Waste Liquid tofu contains organic ingredients, namely carbohydrates reaching 20-50%, protein 40-60%, and 10% fat. It is known that this tofu waste can be used as liquid organic fertilizer by fermentation. Tofu liquid waste contains organic substances, namely carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which can be used as liquid organic fertilizer. These substances must first be broken down into simpler elements by a fermentation process so that they can be absorbed by plants. Effective Microorganisms-4 as inoculants to increase microbial diversity in soil and can control unpleasant odors, accelerate the decomposition process, maximize the decomposition process, increase nutrient content, reduce the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, improve the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil and bioremediation.Keywords: Liquid Organic Fertilizer, Liquid Waste, Fermentation, Effective Microorganisms-4, Nutrient
Optimizing Bioky Performance Using Super Small Vessel in Wastewater Treatment Installation at PT. X in Klaten Joko Waluyo; paryanto paryanto; Raihan Alamsyah; Deni Kurniawan; Ibnu Singgih Pranoto; Yulinar Pramesti Cahyani
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.84831

Abstract

One of the causes of environmental pollution is liquid waste generated by industries, especially the printing industry. PT Macanan Jaya Cemerlang is one of the printing industries producing liquid waste that does not meet the quality standards. The purpose of this research is to optimize the performance of Bioky bacteria using the Super Small Vessel in the wastewater treatment plant at PT X Klaten. Treatment involves testing variables such as residence time and bacteria quantity's impact on TSS, MBAS, COD, BOD, pH, and ORP.The study employs anaerobic treatment with observed variables: residence time of 1; 2; and 3 days, and bacteria quantity of 2.4; 3.2; and 4 liters. Samples from each variable are then analyzed for pH, ORP, and TSS. COD, BOD, and MBAS are tested after obtaining the best TSS results from each variable.The research results indicate that longer residence time and increased bacteria quantity lead to greater reduction in TSS, COD, BOD, and MBAS, while pH approaches neutrality. Optimal conditions occur at a 3-day residence time with 4,0 liters of bacteria, resulting in a reduction of TSS, COD, BOD, and MBAS against the inlet by 99.75%, 95.47%, 94.84%, and 26.72%. Although the treated waste doesn't meet the established standards, it effectively reduces the pollution levels in PT X's wastewater. Keywords:Anaerobic, Efficiency, Printing Industry Liquid Waste, Super Small Vessel
Characterization and Combustion Kinetics of Binderless and Bindered Dry Cow Dung Bio-Pellets Wusana Agung Wibowo; Ari Diana Susanti; Paryanto Paryanto
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.83645

Abstract

The effect of molasses addition as a binder in the manufacturing of cow dung bio-pellets on their characteristics and combustion kinetics have been studied. The bio-pellets characterization included the physical and mechanical properties as well as the proximate analysis and calorific values. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out using a macro-TGA apparatus under a non-isothermal conditions and an oxidative atmosphere to study the thermal decomposition characteristics. Then, the first order Coast and Redfern method was used to determined the kinetic parameters of bio-pellets combustion. It was found that the ash content of bio-pellets were tended to decreased, while the volatile matter and fixed carbon were tended to increase with the addition of molasses. Nevertheless, the density, the axial compressive strength and the calorific values of bindered bio-pellets were decreased due to the higher amounts of water in the raw mixtures. Thermogravimetric analysis provided an information that the combustions of cow dung bio-pellets took place in three stages of decompositions The bindered bio-pellet began to decompose at lower temperatures than the binderless bio-pellet with a higher weight loss percentage. According to the comprehensive combustion characteristic index (S), the combustion performance of both binderless and bindered bio-pellets were similar. The addition of molasses as a binder tended to reduce the ignition temperature and activation energy for all stages of bio-pellets combustion. Keywords:Bio-pellet, Characterization, Cow Dung, Combustion Kinetics, Molasses
Manufacture of Industrial Scale Bagasse Biochar: Effect of Temperature And Residence Time And Biochar Characterization Jaka Kuncara; Martomo Setyawan; Dhias Cahya Hakika
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 2 (2024): Volume 8, No 2 December 2024--Online First
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i2.95545

Abstract

Abstract. Bagasse is a waste that can still be utilized, one of which is processed into biochar. In this study, bagasse waste came from a sugar factory in Majalengka, Cirebon, West Java. The bagasse pyrolysis process was carried out at PT XXX biochar factory located in the area. Industrial scale biochar production is done by Rotary Carbonization Furnace. The research objective was to characterize biochar with variable residence time and pyrolysis temperature. Biochar was characterized based on physicochemical properties and surface composition analysis for use as a soil improver and adsorbent. The test results show that residence time and pyrolysis temperature affect biochar products. Physical characterization showed that the pyrolysis residence time of 24.73 minutes with a temperature of 400 oC gave biochar results with pH (8.92), c-organic (24.15%), total N (0.2%), P2O5 (0.17%) and high C/N ratio (1,208.00). This biochar has good quality for application as a soil improver, especially in increasing carbon storage capacity and improving soil pH. The high C/N ratio and low nitrogen content require alloying with other sources to increase nitrogen and phosphorus and lower the C/N ratio. Chemical characterization by BET test showed that pyrolysis residence time of 24.73 min at 400 oC gave the best results in terms of increasing surface area (0.554 m²/g) and pore volume (0.00364 cc/g), making it the optimal temperature to produce biochar with high adsorption capacity. Surface characterization by SEM-EDX mapping analysis showed that the pyrolysis residence time of 24.73 min at 400 oC gave results with relatively high composition of carbon (82.17%), oxygen (14.89%), silica (1.97%), potassium (0.42%), and made it more effective for soil conditioner applications.Keywords: Bagasse, Biochar, Pyrolysis.
Effectiveness of Activated Carbon from Jackfruit Skin for The Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) Adsorption Using The Langmuir and Freundlich Equations Nadya Ramadhani Arke; Dewa Ayu Made Dearwita Sari; Retno Dewati
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.86765

Abstract

Activated carbon is a commonly used medium for adsorption to combat environmental pollution in both water and air. It is produced from plant or plantation waste containing carbon. Jackfruit skin, often considered as plantation waste, contains lignocellulosic compounds and has the potential to be used as active carbon. Activated carbon from jackfruit skin has a good absorption capacity and can absorb heavy metal waste such as lead (Pb). A recent study aimed to evaluate the absorption effectiveness of active carbon from jackfruit skin. The process involved making activated carbon using the pyrolysis method, and then analyzing its lead absorption capacity in lead nitrate solution by varying the weight of the activated carbon (10g, 15g, 20g, 25g, 30g) and the adsorption time in minutes (40, 60, 80, 100, 120). The levels of absorbed lead on activated carbon were tested using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) at a wavelength of 283.3 nm. The research findings indicate that the effectiveness of activated carbon absorption reaches 99%, and the appropriate equation model for the adsorption process is the Freundlich isotherm, indicating a multilayer adsorption process.Keywords:Adsorption Isotherm, Activated Carbon Jackfruit Skin, Lead (Pb)
The Influence of Aqua Regia Usage in the Leaching and Extraction Process of Silica from Coal Fly Ash Perwitasari Perwitasari; Heni Anggorowati; Uli Ulfa; Husna Muizzati Shabrina; Agus Adhiatma
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.86969

Abstract

Waste from coal-burning power stations and other sectors that rely on coal as a source of energy is one of the environmental issues. Fly ash obtained from burning coal causes pollution in the surrounding environment. Subsequently, a great deal of study was conducted on the application of flying ash coal. Among the techniques for making use of the flying ash of coal is the extraction of silica. This study carried out silica leaching using Aqua Regia (a combination of HCl and HNO₃) with various ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1. The leaching process was carried out at varying temperatures of 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 °C, with a leaching time of 1 and 2 hours. Precipitates containing silica were analyzed for their levels using XRF. The results of the study show that the ratio HCl:HNO₃ 3:1 is able to extract more silica than other solvent ratios.Keywords:Silica, Fly Ash, Leaching, HCl, HNO₃

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